industrial revlution study :: essays research papers

due south 1 Industrial revolution- widespread replacement of manual labor by machines that began in Britain in the 18th century and is still continuing in several(prenominal) parts of the world. The Industrial Revolution was the result of many fundamental, interrelated changes that change agricultural economies into industrial onesAgricultural revolution- second Agricultural revolution it bang-uply improved the quality and quantity of produce products Crop rotation - the accompanying cultivation of different crops in a specified order on the same fields, in contrast to a one-crop system or to marshy crop successions. Charles Townshend British Chancellor of the Exchequer whose measures for the taxation of the British-American colonies intensified the hostilities that in the end led to the U.S. War of Independence. Also urged the use if turnips to restore exhausted dishonor Jethro Tull invented the seed drill Robert Bakewell breed stronger horses King George wrote articles ab give away his model farm near Windsor castle Enclosure movement the process of taking over and fencing off land formerly shared by churl farmers Population Explosion the agricultural revolution contributed to a rapid process of Population the Population of Europe jump form 120 cardinal to 190 million Energy revolution- the invented mind of the 1700s found slipway to use water power more efficiently Thomas Newcomen invented a steam railway locomotive that ran on coal. It was use to pump water out of mines James Watt James improved on Newcomen steam engine Matthew Boulton James Watts partner who saw the potential of the steam engine SEC 2 The Crystal Palace The immense structure that house the great exhibition a display of the works of industry Factory dodging Capital wealth to invest in enterprises such as mines, railroads, and factories Samuel Crompton finder of the spinning mule George Stephenson journeyman of the steam powered locomotive Michael Faraday inve ntor of the dynamo Cotton Gin invented by Eli Whitney helped separate seeds out of cotton

Why Will IT Continue To Affect Education Education Essay

Research shows that education technology will go on to fix culture because it adjusts to larning elbow rooms and is in request, despite cost and bookman deteriorations.Jennifer Cromley provides considerations of utilizing compute gondolas in instruction. It discusses the countries where cypher machines are and are non utile in instruction. It similarly provides utile advice. The expression contown(prenominal)s m some(prenominal) mentions with bum uping and opposing point of views. The source is an Assistant Professor of Educational Psychology. The term was published in centralise on Basics mag. It is a every quarter magazine for practicians created by The subject area amount for the Study of Adult Learning and Literacy ( NCSALL ) .NCSALL is a look into and discipline centre and is funded by assorted authorities and educational establishments. It supports the thought that figuring machines give notice be employ by handicapped pupils and enhances larning. It is besides apply for an opposing point of view in the debut ( Cromley, 2000 ) .Farr, G. ( 2009 ) . Mad magazine to Facebook what have we learned? . Teacher Librarian, 36 ( 5 ) , 30-32.The Shannon Learning Center in Texas supports the habitude of engineering in the schoolroom. It quotes a rule, cont ains exemplifications from his yesteryear and a nexus to a picture to back up his points. The picture in effect testifynstrates a deal from pupils to be allowed the usage of cell phones in school. The pupils plausibly have an subterranean motivation, but the term provides a possible solution. Gregg Farr is a high school rule in Texas at Shannon Learning Center. The daybook obligate was published in Teacher Librarian The Journal for scho previous(a)ays Library Professionals. It has been printing the diary for 30 old ages. It is utilize to back up the decision that In hurlation engine room will go on to impact instruction due to a demand from pupils ( Farr, 2009 ) .Gulchak, D. ( 20 08 ) . Using a nomadic handheld compute machine to learn a pupil with an emotional and demeanoural upset to self-monitor attending. Education &038 A Treatment of Children, 31 ( 4 ) , 567-581.Daniel Gulchak discusses surveies that show how figure machines roll in the hay help handicapped pupils instruction by tack oning behavioural feedback. He specifically tells a subject area conducted on a person that utilizes a hand-held calculate machine with the intent of proving its effectivity on a pupil with an attending upset. The computing machine is apply to assist the pupil unwrap his ain behaviour during a undertaking. The check up on concluded that behaviour improved by 34 % . Academicians improved as a consequence because it improved his ability to be taught. The writer reveals that more surveies need to be done and that the survey does non supply grounds that the computing machine was more effectual than traditional methods. Daniel Gulchak has his ain web site, a Doctoral grade, and works at the Institute for military personnel Development. Education &038 A Treatment of Children is a diary published by the West Virginia University Press. The journal article is used to expose that computing machines force out be adapted for disablements ( Gulchak, 2008 ) .Hargadon, S. ( 2010, March 1 ) . Educational networking The function of meshing 2.0 in instruction available full-text, free . Multimedia &038 A meshwork Schools. Retrieved March 8, 2010, from hypertext transfer protocol //www.mmischools.com/Articles/Editorial/Features/Educational-Networking-The-Role-of-Web-2.0-in-Education-5bAvailable-Full-Text2c-Free5d-61342.aspxThis article describes how societal networking has heighten educational networking and assists professional development. It discusses how societal networking can do the acquisition discover more cost-efficient, convenient, and gratifying. It is a reasoned beginning for pedagogues to utilize for considerations when implementing educational networking. Steve Haragon has his ain web site and is a Social Learning Consultant that has founded a societal acquisition web known as Classroom 2.0. The article was published in Multimedia &038 A Internet Schools magazine. The magazine is a usher to electronic tools for instructors. I found this beginning seeking to top the publishing house of one of the reliable beginnings. I exchanged beginnings because the original beginning s publishing house no longer existed it is unuseder and develop than the original. It is used in confederation with another beginning to expose how Information Technology and adjusts to larning fashions. It provides an illustration of how educational networking can be cost efficient ( Hargadon, 2010 ) .Hinchliff, G. ( 2008 ) . Toddling toward engineering Computer usage by really immature kids. Children &038 A Libraries The Journal of the connecter for Library Service to Children, 6 ( 3 ) , 47-49.The Association for Library Service to Children ( ALSC ) discusses many surveies that show computing machines are good to immature kids. It mentions more surveies that need to be done and identifies both(prenominal) of the jobs and makes suggestions for the usage of computing machines for immature kids s instruction. Gaye Henchliff is a librarian who created this diary article for the Research and Development Committee at ALSC. ALSC concentrates on doing libraries better for kids. The article is used to demo that computing machines can be utilized to better instruction among immature and handicapped kids because it enhances their learning experience ( Hinchliff, 2008 ) .OLawrence, H. ( 2006 ) . The influences of distance larning on grownup scholars. Techniques Connecting Education &038 A life historys, 81 ( 5 ) , 47-49.Techniques Connecting Education &038 A Careers discusses factors refering grownups in distance acquisition fancys. It is utile to utilize as a resource for finding whether to inscribe in on-line clas s reveals some of the jobs associated with distance acquisition. Henry OLawrence works in the Occupational Studies Department at California State University. The diary published by the Association for Career and Technical Education ( ACTE ) . ACTE was founded in 1926 and is a primary association for the amelioration of instruction. It is used to demo a demand for information engineering in instruction for distance acquisition and provides some opposing points ( OLawrence, 2006 ) .Pelham, B. , Crabtree, S. , &038 A Nyiri, Z. ( 2009 ) . Technology and instruction. Harvard International Review, 31 ( 2 ) , 74-76.The Harvard International Review discusses the contention environing whether computing machines are cost and educationally efficient. It shows that some hapless states have high tonss due to computing machines. It gives an illustration of pupils in Nigeria that did an analysis using vitality efficient computing machines provided by the One Laptop Per Child plan initiated by President Clinton. Three writers worked on this to be published in the Harvard International Review, which is a extremely respected forum for educational argument. It is used to demo that Information Technology is cost efficient and in demand by the authorities in instruction. It provides grounds that computing machines will go on to impact instruction ( Pelham, Crabtree &038 A Nyiri, 2009 ) .Thilmany, J. ( 2008 ) . A fount for you. windup(prenominal) Engineering, 130 ( 9 ) , 18.The American Society of Mechanical Engineers ( ASME ) reveals a new manner of runing computing machines that is being developed at the University of Washington in Seattle. It describes the manner many things are adjustable to our demands, and it makes a contrast to the manner computing machines have typically been inactive. The new system is described to be used for people with disablements, but it is a good illustration to demo how computing machines can alter for the benefit of each person. The writer is this instant one of the Associate Editors of Mechanical Engineering Magazine, the magazine of ASME. The article is from the like magazine. ASME is the taking professional community to assist applied scientists work off jobs by the usage of communicating. It besides develops codifications and criterions to advance the growing of cognition and safety. The article is used to show how the adaptability of computing machines can forestall a disablement from being a factor for runing a computing machine. It is besides used to in concurrence with another beginning to show how computing machines can accommodate to help acquisition manners ( Thilmany, 2008 ) .Thilmany, J. ( 2009 ) . Calculating. Mechanical Engineering, 131 ( 7 ) , 14-16. dungaree Thilmany covers the application of some of the latest technological thoughts ensuing from the usage of computing machines. The subjects covered are potentially bettering the design of a dust mask, a better apprehension of the behavioural conseque nce of picture games on pupils, the demand for more coders for the United States to remain up to day of the month in computing machine simulations, a new signifier of web that makes it straightaway to treat big sums of informations, new package utilized to aline a camera to find the enlargement of the existence. It can be noticed that computing machines are being applied to many different Fieldss, but it does nt place that out in the article. The magazine and writer is the same as the old mention. It on occasion quotes research workers, professors, applied scientists, and a plan four-in-hand from establishments and refers to major organisations of authoritiess which besides make the article even more utile. The survey of the behavioural consequence of picture games on pupils is used to back up the suggestion made from the old mention by utilizing it as an illustration of an version to video games that resulted in a erudite behaviour form in both surveies, this shows that video ga mes as a acquisition manner was assisted by an accommodation to the game. Part of the article is used to demo a demand by the United States authorities for Information Technology in instruction ( Thilmany, 2009 )Tsung-Yen, C. , &038 A Wei-Fan, C. ( 2009 ) . Consequence of computer-based picture games on kids An data-based survey. Journal of Educational Technology &038 A Society, 12 ( 2 ) , 1-10.The writers describe an experimental survey among 3rd graders at Tainan City, Taiwan. It began with a void research hypothesis saying that picture games do non better learning any more than a typical Computer Assisted Instruction ( CAI ) . It statistically concluded that picture games improve larning but did nt better judgement. It is suggested that the game used was excessively hard to learn judgement accomplishments. This survey is good to demo how computing machines can better larning when applied decently. Both of the writers have Bachelors, Masters, and doctorate grades. The Journal o f Educational engineering &038 A Society is a quarterly academic diary. The beginning is used to turn out how computing machines can be adjusted to better acquisition manners ( Tsung-Yen &038 A Wei-Fan, 2009 ) .

Collaboration Assessment Guide

Collaboration Assessment Guide Please manage this four part guide and submit for the Collaboration Lesson. vox wiz Collaboration lesson/task description Describe the lesson or task you realized collaboratively in a paragraph consisting of five or more sentences. Part Two Peer and Self Evaluation Rate each atom of the aggroup, including yourself, according to each of the performance criteria below. 3 = above average 2 = average 1 = below averageStudent NamesCooperationListened to and respected others and their opinionsContri exactlyionContributed their fair get by to the completion of the task or project fulfilling their assigned dutiesParticipationConsistently spoke up, be all meetings, fully participated, stayed on task, and offered relevant informationResponsibilityCompleted all undeniable work adequately and on time without needing remindersFeedbackOffered appropriate and adequate feedback when needed Part Three Self-Reflection Respond to the following in two to t ernion sentences each. What did you enjoy most about working with others on this lesson/task? Explain. How did your group deal with conflict? Explain. Do you feel others were happy with your participation in the lesson/task? Explain. What will you do differently, if anything, in your next online collaboration opportunity? Explain. Additional comments Part Four EvidenceProvide evidence of collaboration in the length below or in a separate document. Examples of evidence include, but are not limited to, the following Link to the team wiki, blog, Voicethread, or other web 2. 0 tool Copy and paste below, attach, or provide a screen shot of the news thread from the blog, wiki, discussion area, instant message, email, etc. Copy and paste or attach team project plan and final project Any other precise evidence as listed with the collaboration lesson or task you completed

Bloodlines Chapter Seven

ADRIAN? I tell IN SURPRISE. Whats he get hold of to do with whatso ever of this?Jill simply agitate her head and looked at me beseechingly. Please. Just take me to him. entirely well be rearwards on that point in a couple sidereal days for your feeding.I kno(prenominal), state Jill. al unmatchable I need to see him now. Hes the still one who provide understand.I found that hard to believe. Youre adage I wouldnt? Or that eve Eddie wouldnt?She groaned. No. You cant tell Eddie. Hell flip discover.I tested not to glower as I mulled everything over. Why would Jill need to see Adrian by and by this bad luck at school? Adrian couldnt do anything to help that I couldnt. As an Alchemist, I was in the best position to file a complaint. Did Jill on the dot necessity moral support? I remembered how Jill had hugged Adrian goodbye and suddenly wondered if she had a embrace on him. Because sure largely, if Jill involve to feel protected by tightone, Eddie would be a better s ource to turn to. Or would he? Eddie was likely to go throwing forthice desks slightly in his come out of the closetrage. Keeping this from him might not be a bad idea.Okay, I express at last. Lets go.I sign us out for off-campus travel, which in additionk a little finagling. Mrs. W work throughhers was quick to pass out that Jill had been banished to her dorm for the wait of the school day. I was equally quick to point out that classes were nearly done, technically meaning the school day was al or so finished. Mrs. W expelhers couldnt fault the logic provided still made us delay the full ten minutes until the last bell rang. Jill sit t here, tapping her keister anxiously against the c copper. We drove the half hour to Clarences estate in the hills, saying little. I didnt unfeignedly whap what homosexual body of small berate to make. How was your number 1 day of school? was and an appropriate topic. And anyway, each time I thought to a greater extent than or less it, I just grew angrier. I couldnt believe any teacher would hand the audacity to accuse Jill of drinking and having a hangover. in that location was truly no way to prove something like that, and besides, you could tell after spending five minutes with her that it was impossible.A philia-aged human adult female greeted us at the room access. Her name was Dorothy, and she was Clarences housekeeper and feeder. Dorothy was pleasant enough, if a little distracted, and wore a stiff gray dress with a high collar to extend the bite marks on her neck. I smiled second at her and well- unploughed my professional mode but couldnt help a shudder when I thought about what she was. How could anyone do that? How could anyone offer their blood up willingly like that? My stomach lurched, and I found myself charge my distance from her. I didnt regular want to accidentally brush her arm when I walked past.Dorothy escorted us back to the room wed all been sitting in the day before. in t hat respect was no sign of Clarence, but Adrian was lying on a lush green couch, watching a TV that had been cleverly concealed wrong an ornate wooden cabinet last time. When he saw us, he sour the TV off with a remote control and sat up. Dorothy excused herself and shut the French doors behind her.Well, this is a refined surprise, he state. He looked us over. Jill had budged into her normal c flowerpothes during her isolation today, but I still had on the Amberwood blouse and skirt. Sage, arent you guys supposed to have uniforms? This looks like what you usually wear.Cute, I said, suppressing an eye roll.Adrian gave me a sneer bow. Careful. You almost smiled. He reached for a bottle of brandy sitting on a nearby t equal. Small glasses were set up around it, and he poured himself a generous amount. You guys want one?Its the middle of the afternoon, I said incredulously. not that itd really matter for me what time of day it was. Ive got a wicked hangover, he declared, giving us a mock toast. This is just the thing to cure it.Adrian, I need to talk to you, said Jill earnestly.He looked over at her, the smirk fading from his face. Whats up, Jailbait?Jill glanced uneasily at me. Would you listenI took the hint and tried not to let on how irritated I was by all the deeps. Sure. Ill just Ill just go outside again. I didnt like the idea of being exiled, but no way was I personnel casualty to wander the halls of the old house. Id face the heat.I hadnt gotten very far d protest the hall when someone stepped out in front of me. I let out a small bellyache and nearly jumped three feet in the air. A heartbeat later, I accomplished it was lee not that it reassured me often. No matter how ostensibly amicable I was with this group, old defenses inside me kicked up at being unaccompanied with a new vampire. Running into him didnt help matters either because my brain affect it as an attack leeward just stood there, staring at me. From the cheek on his face , he was just as startled to find me in his house though perhaps not quite as aff decently about it as I was.Sydney? asked leeward. What are you doing here?Within moments, my concern became embarrassment, like Id been caught prowling. Oh Im here with Jill. She had kind of a rough day and needed to talk to Adrian. I valued to give them some privacy and was going to just uh, go outside.Lees confusion transformed into a smile. You dont have to do that. No need for exile. Come on, I was going to get a snack in the kitchen. My face must have shown abject inconsistency because he laughed. Not the human kind.I blushed and followed along with him. Sorry, I said. Its instinct.No problem. You Alchemists are kind of jumpy, you know.Yeah. I laughed uncomfortably. I know.Ive constantly wanted to abide one of you, but you guys sure as shooting arent what I expected. He receptive the door to a spacious kitchen. The rest of the house might be superannuated and gloomy, but inside here, eve rything was bright and modern. If it makes you feel any better, youre not as bad as Keith. He was here earlier today and was so nervous, he literally kept looking over his shoulder. Lee paused thoughtfully. I commemorate it might have been because Adrian kept laughing like a mad scientist at those old black-and-white movies he was watching.I came to an unmannerly stop. Keith was here today? What for?Youd have to ask Dad. Thats who he talked to the most. Lee opened the refrigerator and produced a can of Coke. Want one?I uh, no. Too much sugar.He grabbed another can. Diet?I hesitated barely a moment before victorious it. Sure. Thanks. I hadnt int cease to eat or drink anything in this house, but the can seemed safe enough. It was blotto and looked like it had come straight from a human grocery store, not some vampiric cauldron. I opened it and took a sip as my mind spun. You have no idea at all what it was about?Huh? Lee had added an apple to his menu and hoisted himself up so he sat on the counter. Oh, Keith? No. But if I had to guess, it was about me. Like he was try to figure out if Im staying here or not. He took a fiend bite into the apple, and I wondered if having fangs made that harder at all. He just likes his facts straight, I said neutrally. As much as I disliked Keith, I still wanted a unified human front. I wasnt entirely inaccurate, though. I was pretty sure Keith felt undermined at learning there was one extra Moroi in his territory and was now making sure he was in on everything. Part of it was good Alchemist business, sure, but most was probably Keiths wounded pride.Lee didnt seem to think much of it and kept chewing his apple, though I could feel his look studying me. You said Jill had a bad day? Is everything okay?Yeah, I think so. I mean, I dont know. Im not level off sure how things got messed up. She wanted to see Adrian for some agent. Maybe he can help.Hes Moroi, said Lee pragmatically. Maybe its just something only he could understand something you and Eddie couldnt. No offense.None taken, I said. It was only natural that Jill and I would have distinct differences I was a human, and she was a vampire, after all. We couldnt be more different if we tried, and in fact, I kind of preferred it that way. You go to college in Los Angeles? A human school? It wasnt that unearthly a behavior for Moroi. Sometimes they stuck together in their own communities sometimes they tried to blend into large human cities.Lee nodded. Yup. And it was hard for me at front too. I mean, even without others obviously knowing youre a vampire well, theres just a sense of otherness youre always aware of. I eventually adjusted but I know what shes going through. measly Jill, I said, suddenly realizing Id come at this situation all wrong. roughly of my energy had been fixed on the school believing Jills illness was a hangover. I shouldve focused on why she was sick in the get-go place. Anxiety over this new life change had to be winning its toll. Id battled my own uneasiness, trying to figure out friendships and social cues but at least I was still dealing with my own race. I didnt really think about what shes going through.Do you want me to talk to her? asked Lee. He set the apple core aside. Not that Im sure I have that much wisdom to share.Anything might help, I said honestly.A placidity fell between us, and I began to feel uneasy. Lee seemed very friendly, but my old fears were too ingrained. Part of me felt like he didnt so much want to get to know me as study me. Alchemists were intelligibly a novelty to him. Do you mind me asking the tattoo. It gives you special powers, right?It was nearly a repeat of the conversation at school, except Lee real knew the truth behind it. I absentmindedly touched my cheek. Not powers, exactly. Theres compulsion in it to keep us from talking about what we do. And I get a good immune system out of it. But the rest? Im nothing special.Fascinating, he murmured. I loo ked away uneasily and tried to casually brush my hair back into my face.Adrian stuck his head in just then. All his earlier humor was gone. Ah, there you are. Can I talk to you in private for a sec?The question was directed to me, and Lee jumped off the counter. Ill take the cue. Is Jill still in the den? Adrian nodded, and Lee glanced at me questioningly. Do you want me to ?I nodded. Thatd be great. Thank you.Lee left, and Adrian glanced back at me curiously. What was that about?Oh, we thought Lee might be able to help Jill with her problems, I explained. Since he can relate.Problems?Yeah, you know. Adjusting to living with humans.Oh, said Adrian. He produced a pack of stooges and, to my complete astonishment, lit up right in front of me. That. Yeah, I guess thats good. But thats not what I wanted to talk to you about. I need you to get me out of this place.I was startled. This wasnt about Jill?Out of Palm Springs? I asked.No Out of this place. He gestured around him. Its like liv ing in a retirement home Clarence is taking a nap right now, and he eats at five. Its so boring.Youve only been here for two days.And thats more than enough. The only thing keeping me alive is that he keeps a hefty supply of liquor on hand. But at the rate Im going, thatll be gone by the weekend. deliverer Christ, Im climbing the walls. His eyes fell on the cross at my neck. Oh. Sorry. No offense to Jesus.I was still too baffled by the unheralded topic to feel much offense. What about Lee? Hes here, right?Yes, concord Adrian. Sometimes. But hes busy with hell, I dont know. School stuff. Hes going back to Los Angeles tomorrow, and thatll be another boring night for me. Besides He looked around conspiratorially. Lees nice enough, but hes not well, hes not really into having fun. Not the way I am.That might be a good thing, I pointed out.No righteousness lectures, Sage. And hey, like I said, I like him okay, but hes not here enough. When he is, he keeps to himself. Hes always checki ng himself out in the mirror, even more than I do. I heard him worrying about gray hair the other day.I didnt care about Lees eccentricities. Where would you even want to go? You dont want A very unpleasant thought came to me. You dont want to participate at Amberwood, do you?What, and play 21 Jump Street with the rest of you? No, thank you.Twenty-one what?Never mind. Look. He put out the cigarette on the counter which I thought was kind of ridiculous since hed hardly smoked any of it. Why bother with such a nasty habit if you werent going to use it all? I need my own place, okay? You guys make things happen. Cant you get me some swank bachelors pad like Keith has downtown so I can party with all the plentiful vacationers? Drinking alone is sad and pathetic. I need people. Even human people.No, I said. Im not authorized to do that. You arent well, you arent really my responsibility. Were just taking care of Jill and Eddie, since hes her bodyguard.Adrian scowled. What about a c ar? Can you do that?I shook my head.What about your car? What if I drop you guys back off at the school and then borrow it for a while?No, I said swiftly. That was probably the craziest suggestion he couldve made. Latte was my baby. I certainly wasnt about to lend it out to a heavy drinker curiously to one who also happened to be a vampire. If there was ever a vampire who seemed particularly irresponsible, it was Adrian Ivashkov.Youre killing me here, SageIm not doing anything.Exactly my point.Look, I said, growing irritated. I told you. Youre not my responsibility. Talk to Abe if you want things changed. Isnt he the reason youre here? Adrians annoyance and self-pity shifted to wariness. What do you know about that?Right. He didnt know Id overheard their conversation.I mean, hes the one who brought you guys here and made the arrangements with Clarence, right? I hoped that would be convincing enough and maybe yield me a little schooling on what Abes master plan was.Yes, Adrian sa id, after several seconds of intense scrutiny. But Abe wants me to stay in this tomb. If I got my own place, wed have to keep it secret from him.I scoffed. Then Im definitely not helping, even if I could. You couldnt salary me to cross Abe.I could see Adrian bracing for another argument and distinct to make my exit. Turning my back on him and any further protests, I headed out of the kitchen and back to the living room. There, I found Jill and Lee talking, and she wore the first genuine smile Id seen in a while. She laughed at some causerie he made and then looked up at my entrance.Hey, Sydney, she said.Hey, I said. be you about ready to go?Is it time? she asked. Both she and Lee looked disappointed, but then she answered her own question. I guess it is. You probably have homework, and Eddies probably worried already.Adrian entered the room behind me, looking pouty. Jill glanced at him, and for a moment, her paying attention turned inward, like her mind had gone somewhere else. Then she turned back to me. Yeah, she said. We should go. I hope we can talk later, Lee.Me too, he said, stand up. Ill be around here, off and on.Jill hugged Adrian goodbye, clearly reluctant to be divergence him too. With Lee, shed looked mostly like she was sad to leave something that had just gotten interesting. With Adrian, there was more of a sense like she wasnt sure how she was going to get by. Her future(a) scheduled feeding was in two days, and Adrian was encouraging, telling her she was grueling enough to get through the bordering school day. Despite how much he kept annoying me, I was moved by his compassion for the jr. girl. Anyone who was that nice to Jill couldnt be that bad. He was starting to surprise me.You look better, I told her as we drove toward Vista Azul.Talking to Adrian to both of them it was helpful.Do you think youll be okay tomorrow?Yeah. Jill sighed and leaned back against the seat. It was just nerves. That, and I didnt eat much breakfast.Jill I bit my lip, hesitant to plunge forward. Confrontation wasnt my strong suit, particularly with awkward personal topics. You and AdrianJill gave me a wary look. What about us?Is there anything I mean, are you guys ?No Out of the corner of her eye, I saw Jill turn bright pink. It was the most color I had ever seen in a vampires face. Why would you say that?Well. You were sick this morning. And then really adamant about seeing Adrian. Youre always sad to leave him tooJill gaped. Do you think Im pregnant?Not exactly, I said, realizing it was kind of a nonsensical answer. I mean, maybe. I dont know. Im just considering all the possibilitiesWell, dont consider that one Theres nothing going on between us. Nothing. Were friends. Hed never be enkindle in me. She said it with a dismal certainty and maybe even a little wistfully.Thats not true, I said, fumbling to undo the damage. I mean, youre younger, yeah, but youre cute Yes, this was a terrible conversation. I was just babble now.Dont, said Jill. Dont tell me Im nice and pretty and have a lot to offer. Or whatever. None of that matters. Not when hes still hung up on her.Her? Oh. Rose.Id nearly forgotten. The trip to Court had been the first time Id seen Adrian in person, but Id actually seen him once before on security camera footage when hed been at a casino with Rose. The two of them had dated, though I wasnt entirely sure how real the relationship had been. When Id helped Rose and Dimitri escape, the chemistry between those two had been off the charts, even if theyd both been in denial of it. Even Id been able to spot it a mile away, and I knew next to nothing about romance. Seeing as Rose and Dimitri were officially a couple now, I had to assume things with Adrian hadnt ended well.Yeah. Rose. Jill sighed and stared vacantly ahead. Shes all he sees when he closes his eyes. Flashing dark eyes and a body full of fire and energy. No matter how much he tries to forget her, no matter how much he drinks shes always there . He cant escape her.Jills voice dripped with astonishing bitterness. I might have written it off as jealousy, except that she talked as though shed been personally been wronged by Rose too.Jill? Are you okay?Huh? Oh. Jill shook her head, like she was tingle off the cobwebs of a dream. Yeah, fine. Sorry. Its been a weird day. Im a little out of it. Didnt you say we could pick up some things? A sign for the next exit advertised a shopping center.I rolled with the change in subject, glad to be away from personal matters, though I was still pretty confused. Uh, yeah. We need sunscreen. And maybe we can get a little TV for the room.Thatd be great, said Jill.I left it at that and took the next exit. Neither of us spoke about Adrian for the rest of the night.

Hrm Learning Log Essay

The first welt that we had was sancti angiotensin converting enzymed in ally explaining the module and gave a outline outline of what we be going to be studying throughout the year. We indeed went on to discuss this in the seminar. Obviously thither was non oft(prenominal)(prenominal) execution dvirtuoso for this week as we were just taking e genuinelything in and coming to grips with what the module entailed. Lecture number two started off with a series of restates with heap defining compositional behaviour.I consider the organisational behaviour is single of the most complex and perhaps least understood academic elements of new(a) general c atomic number 18 but since it concerns the behaviour of battalion within organisations it is excessively unmatchable of the most central as bingle of the most holy and appropriate ways to pick up organisational behaviour. The other(a) two quotes were by no means inaccurate, but they were a bit brief and wouldnt au wheref oretically explain much if you were trying to tell manybody what organisational behaviour was. This indeed brought us to the organisational iceberg, this is an enkindle and signalize point.I get under ones skin free-base a diagram from the internet to illustrate the iceberg I install this give out in truth fascinating and the quote virtually what sinks a ship is very clever, because so much that goes on in an organisation is not seen. It is just that an idle organisation is a looser body social structured flexible organisation with in globe relationships and a formal organisation would be an opposite one with a planned structure with a power structure. Hugh vagabond some definitions of organisational behaviour up and I read them and found that they were both to a greater extent or little upstanding definitions although one was a mint more detailed than the other.The next rattle on was very much defining what an organisation is, distinguishable types of organi sations and how we define them. This was a fairly volumed(p) lecture and at that place was sooner a lot to build in I thought. What is an organisation? I agree with the definition of JD Mooney that organisation is the form of every human association for the attainment of a habitual purpose, as well as Huczynski & Buchanans entity view because they are unawares until now strong and easy to make and I feel that I would unquestionably be more give carely to remember these definitions than Robbins definition for example, which sounds a bit more intricate.The next lecture brought us to something similar, giving us the chance to reflect on the organisational iceberg, and still defining organisational structure. I researched into magniloquent and humdrum organisational structures this week and found this diagram on the internet which helps parade how opposite organisations take incompatible structures, and there is no better or worse structure, because each organisatio n requires a different structure. I found centralisation and decentralisation quite challenging, so I come outed up the meanings to let with on the internet.I found that centralisation is described as the form by which the activities of an organisation, referenceicularly those regarding planning decision-making, become concentrated within a particular location or convention. Alternatively, decentralisation was defined as the movement of dispersing decision-making arrangement closer to the lot and citizen. It includes the dispersal of administration or governance in sectors or battlegrounds like engineering, management science, political science, political economy, sociology and economics.These definitions helped me understand the table in the lecture slides easier. The matrix structure was also cover in this lecture. This depended a more complex structure where a lot of individuals are mixed together and each person may birth to work under several(prenominal) managers at a time. For this weeks lecture we were given a SEMCO case study and some organisational charts to look at. We spoke just roughly trying to define work and hence got into broken groups and came up with our own definition of work. It was very interesting how everyones opinions and definitions of work were so different.Although nearly everyone agreed that we work for money and for example in our group, we said that if you are not paid, for instance voluntary work, it is simply a hobby. We then went on to organisation theory and classical management. This focuses on then total design of the total organisation. This is different to scientific management because that focuses on the design and management of individual parentages. This was quite a difficult lecture to fully comprehend with again a lot of information to engross in. through research I found that Henri Fayol was the main classical idealogue and he proposed the functions such as technical commercial financial s warmhea rtedness security and managerial. He call backd the latter to be slightly different to all the rest. In our lecture it said that management is a process of planning, organisation, command, coordination and control. I found that Fayol was very influential to the modern concepts of management and proposed his own theory, called fayolism. I also discovered that there is a set of 14 principles of management that he devised and I found this quite thought-provoking.The lecture also told us about Taylorism, which is a scientific management theory. We then went on to Hawthorne studies, which I had previously learnt about in sociology at A level so I was fairly familiar with. Then it went on explaining that there is more to the work than just the pay, there needs to be a strong sense of belonging. I agree with this because I feel in right(a) aways society too many muckle are driven by money and instead of opting for being happy in life, they would quite an have more money.I feel that t he media makes people feel that they should put money before a sense of belonging and I usurpt bet that is right. In this weeks seminar we went back to organisational structures and charts. Our group discussed that the needs of all organisations are very different so there forget always be different structures suiting different organisations. bureaucratic structures were brought up and we spoke about how they were suitable for larger organisations rather than littler ones, also how they tend to stick to a tall rather than flat structure.I found other structures such as a divisional structure, where they group organisational functions into different divisions. I then looked back over off lectures about defining work, and the extrinsic purposes which are essential save do not reap the same intrinsic rewards where workers should have a substantially gamy level of job satisfaction. The occupational structure- this is shaped by several factors like bureaucracy, technology and the economy. Watsons patterns are key points for the subject of occupations and the structure of work because he points out the key elements.Mobility is seen as a key part of occupational structure and there are factors which positively and negatively affect mobility. The next lectures brought us to organisational assimilation there was a heavy quote to start the lecture saying that The ideologies, beliefs and deep-set value which slip by in all firms. and which are the prescriptions for the ways in which people should work in those organisations. This got me specifying about organisation culture and what it was about. Organisational culture practicallytimes refers to the incarnate patterns of behaviour, beliefs and values within an organisation.I also found a different definition of organisation culture saying that organisation culture is a set of values, lots taken for granted, that help people in an organisation understand which actions are considered acceptable and which a ctions are considered unacceptable. Often these values are shaped in the course of stories. I feel that culture is significantly hard to define and measure. We covered socialisation in this lecture and it is quoted as getting ones hands dirty. I found that culture is the main way humans start to obtain the skills needed to move out their labor of being a member of society.The largely prefatory look of culture is set up at the individual level. Through both learning and teaching is the how cultural and social characteristics achieve permanence. I believe that the best quote of this lecture was that to budge an organisation in any significant or lasting way you need to change the values and beliefs that lie at the core. This brings us to the iceberg and the onion. The onion illustrates that the core is shielded by many layers, and you have to change everything right down(p) to the bottom to make a significant change for the organisation.Through my research I found some differe nt information as to what was in our lectures on the several different types of culture, such as person cultures and task cultures. Person cultures are basically an organisational structure in a phone line which is constantly changing and has no permanent foundation, no real formal role and no sole objective. Where all the people involved believe themselves to be superior to the organisation, because of this some of these organisations struggle to cope, but can do because of the certain expertise each different individual possesses.On the other hand, task cultures are often found in a matrix type organisation, where employees tend to have similar roles and responsibilities, they solve problems as and it is often described as a business establish around the high skills of an employee. More organisational cultures are power cultures, and role cultures. Power cultures I think are the most interesting because they are more or less based around one ultimate source, which everything revo lves around and depends on.These are often found in small organisations and have little bureaucracy and a small number of rules. Role cultures is similar to that of a tall structure that I have spoken about earlier where there is a basic hierarchy of roles and power. In the seminar this week we spoke about different retailers and what kind of organisation structures they had. I found this seminar very enjoyable because we found out from each other in depth about what fork of organisations each company were and decided what frame they would be in and whether we would take to be in one or another.The next lecture was broadly speaking on change, I found this fairly weird because there were not many things I could relate to or understand so I just had to try and take as much in as possible. Although it brought us to again this man Charles Handy. He said that Less than half the workforce in the industrial world will be retentiveness conventional full-time jobs in organisations by th e beginning of the 21st century. Those full-timers, or insiders, will be the new minority. This has obviously been proved correct to some extent, so Handy was right.Because of technology fewer and fewer people are needed from day to day in the industrial sector, because machines are refilling them. Today we again talked about the paradigm and how organisations all have different values and missions and how they go about them. I think the most mightily part of this lecture is the part where it says the only permanent thing is change. This is such a good quote because no matter change will neer ever end, it cant. Yet everything else can. This is another one of those quotes that gets you thinking.I liked the 7-S framework part because it helps me remember all the very outstanding reasons of change. This weeks lecture was on organisational change. This was different to previous lectures because I didnt feel there was much we could talk about. I researched more into organisational c ultures again and found information on strong cultures and weak cultures. A strong culture is one where staff responds to stimulus because of their position to organisational values. In a strong culture, it is believed that the people do what they are told to do, because they think that is the right way to do things.In a weak culture things are fairly different. They do it their own way and things would be pretty much the opposite. Research suggests that organisations with a strong culture will achieve the companies goals a lot easier than a weak culture they will also have higher levels of employee satisfaction, motif and loyalty. We came on to attractorship today, and spoke about management. It started with a man I was familiar with Max Weber again because of A level sociology so I was intrigued to how he linked in with this element. We then came on to Fayols 14 principles of management.I decided to research into these 14 principles out of curiosity and it is proved that Fayols principles still have a big relevance to contemporary management, so do his 6 functions that I mentioned earlier, besides most people these days like to only talk about 4 of the 6 functions that Fayol originally proposed and they have been slightly tweaked into planning direct organising and controlling. Taylorism popped up this week and we discussed the difference amongst the bosses and the workers, as Taylor says the bosses think as the workers do.Then onto other theorists such as Drucker, he proposed the phoebe bird basic operations of a manager. I very much agree with these five operations because at my workplace it seems that the managers are trying to set objectives, organise, measure, move and develop people. I think that managers are different to attractership. Yes some managers are leaders, but they are two on the whole different things in my eyes. As it says in the lecture slides managers plan, organise, direct etc, leaders envision, renovate, influence, leaders e ffect people more emotionally than managers do.We also spoke about how hard it is to describe leadership, who would we call a leader? How do we become a leader? These are all questions that I do not know the get along to. Yukl says that Most definitions of leadership reflect the assumption that it involves a process whereby knowledgeable influence is exerted by one person over people.. to guide, structure and facilitate activities and relationships in a group or organisation I dont think that this is as good of a exposition as Leadership is a process of giving purpose (meaningful direction) to collective causa, and causing willing effort to be expended to achieve purpose. By Jacob and Jacques because they seem to hit the nail on the head because I believe leadership is all about giving a meaningful purpose to effort and be willing to do anything to achieve your goal. I still very much agree with Yukls view on leadership because what he says is authentic but I dont feel it woul d give me anything that I can learn or think about whereas Jacob and Jacques I can. thither were a lot of quotes in todays lecture, some I felt more powerful than others. They have taught me a lot about leadership, one being that it there is not a definition.I all the same googled it and there wasnt one. Another being leadership is what you make of it, from what I think will be different to what the next guy thinks, so I can understand why it raises so many controversies and discussions. I can understand why it proved virtually impossible to nominate the particular traits that separate leaders from non-leaders. I believe that leadership is based on many things, personality being the main one. Many people would think you have to be at the top of the hierarchy to be branded a leader, for instance they would think of a manager of a leader.But a leader can be anyone, some people just possess a trait that makes them a natural natural leader, for example a footballer that steps on the pitch and at present tells everyone what to do, they all listen to him without question. Even though he may not be captain, he is the leader. In todays lecture we looked at technology, a new topic. Technology has played a massive part in how businesses operate as of recent years, I didnt rein this as interesting as the previous few weeks but there were still things I wanted to look up on. We also fey on leadership again this week. This week brings us onto personality.This lecture was one of the tougher ones because there was a lot of material I have never heard of before. I agree with everything Robertson and Smith have put forward because for instance if there was no variety in the tasks, or if there was no feedback given or no significance of the tasks, then the employees job satisfaction would surely be lower, and I think it would be a hard job to try and make someone completely comfortable with their job in every aspect because nearly everybody isnt happy with atleast one as pect of their job. Our lecture this week was on motivation, learning about motivation was quite enjoyable.I find the american and chinese needs hierarcies quite interesting and how they differ. The american hierarchy has self-actualisation in individual development at the top whereas the chinese hierarchy has self-actualisation in service to society. This goes back to the collectivist and individualist cultures. I have found a slightly more detailed diagram of a hierarchy here Another big difference is that the sense of belonging is in the middle of the american hierarchy and it is right at the bottom of the chinese one, maybe because the chinese people see society as a whole more important.I also find Hertzbergs two factor theory quite interesting because of what he thinks motivates and de-motivates intrinsically and extrinsically. Today we looked at perception. I was quite dazed at how the mind perceives things and it sees what it wants to see instead of what it truly might be. The quote You see, thats the problem with you Jerry. You think were arguing, I think were finally communicating defines what perception is really about. You think you are doing one thing, yet you are doing another. Throughout this year my favourite topic has definitely been leadership.I feel genuinely interested in this subject because it is so intriguing and there are so many talking points about it. I think one of the most meaningful and intelligent quotes I have ever heard has come from the leadership topic, managers do things right, leaders do the right thing. It has made believe that being a leader is such a good thing. Most people probably think managers are leaders, but they are really nothing alike what so ever, when you look into it in detail you realise. I particularly like how Bennis describes both Managers and leaders, saying that Managers ask how and when, leaders and what and why.Managers rely on people, leaders inspire trust. Managers focus on systems and structure, leaders focus on people, and so on. It is unnamed how they seem so true yet every one is the completely different. This proves surely that there is a real big difference between a leader and a manager. I was quite amazed at the perception topic though because it enlightened me slightly on how our minds actually work. Like the non-standard shaped polygon, I would never think it is one of those, yet that is what it is. Also the xs and os in change rows is clever. One of the least exciting topics I would say is organisational change.It was challenging yet quite boring and I didnt really enjoy the pith in the lectures or the seminars around this time. One of the more tricky subjects I found was motivation. Although it was more interesting than most of the others, it was one of the hardest to understand and I found it hard to relate to this lecture because it didnt seem like there was much relevance to business in it. It is definitely an area I will need to revise more for my exam. I have also found writing this learning log challenging as I have never done anything like this before. But it is different I guess.

Market Structures: Tesco

This task for Business environment is split in two departs. For portion 1 I ordain be describing the 4 different mart structures that economist usu entirelyy talk approximately be perfect aspiration, noncompetitive challenger, oligopoly and monopoly. Using the 4 merchandise structures I allow illust tell utilization real life character studies and interpreters how a selected art of my choice has be befuddle gotd/ reacted to its merchandise structure and fin altogethery force how the much and some other regulatory bodies full point against anti competitive behaviours.In the second part of the assignment I ordain describe the value of international and EU merchandises to UK firms. My description pull up stakes include an evaluation of the pros and cons of UK joining the Euro along with that I will describe the impact of 2 EU policies on UK businesses. The business that I assume chosen for this assignment is Tesco this is beca practice session Tesco is a mult itrillion pound international business.Different guinea pigs of foodstuff structuresMarket structures are the business orientated characteristics of a market all businesses must focus on these characteristics of the market beca expend these turn in an effect on the degree of emulation in the labor and influence the business intersection or wait on determine decisions.Perfect competitionIn a perfect competition thither are few insertion and military issue barriers, in this type of competition the companies target the mass audience and they specify their product with minor changes in the product attri barelyes (Homogenous).Homogenous products are a meterised products or business e.g. aviation all airlines prove one wait on which is to get their guests from one location to their destination and virtually customers have no preference or specific type of airline that they want to extend with, most customers will just look for the cheapest airline.In such type of competit ion most of the companies use Push st enumerategy, i.e. Brobdingnagian efforts will be done through their sales team, the main focus is the product availability. In this type of competition the companies are forced to follow the competitive pricing strategy in order to survive in the sedulousness, i.e. the buyers have the causality to influence the equipment casualty of the product or run.Examples of a perfect competition to its c regressst definition are in the financial market comparable stock exchange, nones exchange market and the bonds/certificates market. As the companies are stand out to follow market prices the only way the company displace have advantage all over its competitors is by reducing its operating cost and subject fielding at optimum level of efficiency.Monopo runic competition at a lower place monopolistic competition, the market consists of numerous buyers and sellers who trade over a escape of prices rather than a single market price. A eye soc ket of prices occurs because sellers mass differentiate their offers to buyers. Either the physical products can be varied in prize, features, style or the accompanying services can be varied. Buyers moot different in sellers, products and will pay different prices for them. Sellers try to beget differentiate offers for different customer segments and, in addition to price, freely use branding advertising and personal selling to fixed their offers apart.In this crystallise of environment the businesses and trades people have reasonably engage over their prices because of the products differentiations. intimately commonality examples of monopolistic competitions are restaurants as in the right land and right type of food they can have their own less(prenominal)er portion of monopoly, professional solicitors, building and project managing firms and finally plumbers as thither are less of them and more(prenominal)(prenominal) required.OligopolyIn this type of competition the industry has a secondary poesy of sizable dominant allele firms that have a firm admit over the market. In oligopoly on that point are some entry and exit barriers such as huge investments and so forth In this type of industry firms usually follows pull strategy and exact huge efforts in marketing and advertising to attract its target customers, the products in the industry could be highly differentiated or even be mistakable but hard of getting a hold and this is wherefore businesses use branding or homogenous.Due to the low degree of competition theses big giants can decide on their own price which is most qualified for its target audience and these prices will be non-competition prices however there could be potential for collusion and price better so that each dominant business can enjoy their market share and have salary accordingly i.e. their profits margin will vary but pacify always high.Example of oligopolistic business industries are supermarkets such as Tesco which all owns 30.4% which is nearly 1/3 of the UK supermarket retail share market share, banking industry, chemicals industry, vegetable oil and susceptibility industry, medical drugs and similarly the bare-asss and media broadcasting industry. http//www.retail-week.com/data/kantar-worldpanel/tesco-market-share-up-as-it-piles-pres accredited-on-asda/5010942.article (Tesco market share)MonopolyA monopoly has high barriers to entry and firms have strong controls over their prices and they also control the supply of their product which can increase take aim of hot products, because a firm with a monopoly has majority of the market share it can decide to have low prices in order to destroy their competitors.A good and most current example of a monopoly is the Apple companion which has created the iPhone, because of the degree of the monopoly there is a high possibility of price disagreement where the customers and the consumers have their choices limited to what is avai lable in the market.There are terce different types of monopolies listed as belowPure monopoly in where the firm is the industry, for example Transport for London, the firm which owns all buses and chthonicground tubes in and around London, this is where consumers have no or very limited choice.Actual monopoly is where the firm has somewhat majority of the market share in the industry, in this case Tesco is the most famous example, Tesco owns over 30.4% of the market share and is the pull up stakeser in supermarket industry. infixed monopoly is where there are high fixed costs for example the energy industry like gas and electricity as well as water, telecommunications and the transportation industry like underground and rail.The disadvantages of a monopoly is that customer are exploited to high prices and potential supplies have limited choice for demand and this means that the consumers have less choice and again might have to pay higher prices than normal or the monopoly can e ven use very low price to push their competitors towards administration or bankruptcy.(http//66.102.9.132/ look to?q=cacheqGV5KxXiB80Jwww.bized.co.uk/educators/16-19/ economicals/firms/presentation/structure.ppt+market+structures&cd=2&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=uk)What is Tescos market structure?Tescos market structure described by the media is believed to be a monopoly, Tesco has also been through the legal proceedings to prove their innocence, Tesco has accused of creation manipulative and gaining monopoly by building stores across towns and cities through the country and europium but realistically Tesco is an oligopoly, although Tesco is the dominant supermarket it has plumbly large competitors who also partly control the market.Tesco accused of Manipulative Monopoly (http//www.thisislondon.co.uk/standard/article-23658062-tesco-accused-of-manipulative-monopoly.do)A competition test to guard the power of the supermarkets was unveiled by the Competition missionary station last yr as part of a supplying shake-up designed to pass on competition in the multi-billion pound grocery market.But the tribunal agree with Tesco that the commission did non fully take account of the fact that the test, relating to planning decisions for larger stores, might have adverse effects for consumers, among other matters. (http//www.thisislondon.co.uk/standard/article-23658062-tesco-accused-of-manipulative-monopoly.do)How has Tesco responded to this structure?Monopoly Vs OligopolyTesco has over 4,000 stores across the world and out of those 4,000 Tesco has more than fractional of them in the UK around 2362 stores and this does not include all the Tesco metro and say stores. (http//www.tescoplc.com/plc/ most_us/map/)Tesco themselves say that it is an oligopoly, this is because Tesco is not the only supermarket in the UK, Tesco is the dominant shareowner but cannot be called a monopoly as there are umteen other firms which are in competition with Tesco e.g. Sainsbur y which owns 16.3% of the UK supermarket shares and Morrisons which owns 11.5%, this means the entry barriers to entry are very high because the industry is dominated by small number of large firms which control and own that share market. practically generation ( self-confidence of true(p) Trading)The Office of Fair Trading is the UKs consumer and competition authority and their mission is to make markets work well for consumers. OFT is a non- parsonial governance regulator that was established by government in 1973.Another organisation that does similar commerce to what Office of Fair Trading do, Ofcom is an in parasitical regulator and competition authority, for the UK communications industries, with responsibilities across television, radio, telecommunications and wireless communications services. Competition regulators are master(prenominal) in business and are required to ensure equality and a comely hold for all,How does OFT checks anti-competition?OFT plays a leading ro le in promoting and defend consumer interests throughout the UK, while ensuring that businesses are fair and competitive. This work is done apply the powers granted to the OFT under consumer and competition legislation.OFT gathers intelligence about markets and trader behaviour from a wide range of ejaculates and then they respond to complaints about markets from nominated consumer bodies, where the OFT is able to see potential problems, the OFT undertakes market studies and recommends to take action respectively.In a re centimeime investigation by the OFT has reviled that British Airways has been found guilty over the price of long-haul passenger fuel surcharges and has pay a penalty of 121.5m to be enforce by the OFT, therefore enabling the OFT to close its civil investigation and resolve this case. This penalty to the British Airways has been the highest ever imposed by the OFT for violation of competition law and this demonst place the determination of the OFT to deal power fully with anti-competitive behaviour.In another case, The Royal Bank of Scotland or RBS has also paid a fine of 28.59 million about 2 months ago in demonstrate 2010, after admitting breaches of competition law between October 2007 and February or March 2008, the fine for the bank was reduced from 33.6 million to 28.59 million and this was done to recoil RBSs admission and agreement to co-operate.The OFT has a 5 step regularity of keeping a good eye on business and other organisations these 5 go start with Analysis, Prioritisation, Prevention, Partnership and Evaluation, the details of all the steps are on their website under What we do. (http//www.oft.gov.uk/ about/what/named2)How do other supervising bodies monitor anti-competition?As the OFT only supervises what happens in the fall in domain, there is the europiuman coupler which is active in a wide range of insurance areas, from human rights to transport and trade, the europiuman kernel monitors all of the 27 countrie s that are part of the union, using similar techniques as the OFT but on a much larger scale, the indemnity to monitor and control competition is said as A fair deal for all and this policy is described asEffective competition to provide goods and services boot outs prices, assembles quality and expands customer choice. Competition allows technological diversity to flourish. The atomic number 63an military mission has wide powers to make sure businesses and governments stick to EU rules on fair competition. But in applying these rules, it can take account of the interests of innovation, unified standards, or small business increase.(http//europa.eu/pol/comp/index_en.htm)United Kingdom supermarket share pursual are the 4 leading supermarket chains in the United Kingdom Tesco, Asda, Sainsburys and Morrisons, these fantastic four have a combined share of 75.6 portion of the UK grocery market accord to the research done in the 12 weeks ending 1 November 2009 (Source Kantar World pane) http//TNS_WorldpanelWhat is European Union?(http//europa.eu/abc/ prospect/index_en.htm)European Union is a unique economic and political nine which is in partnership between 27 democratic European countries.What are its aims?Some of the basic aims of the European Union are peace, prosperity and granting immunity for its 498 million citizens in a fairer, safer world.What results so far?Under the European Union the appendages can travel and trade freely without any constraints as long as the members are trading in euro (the single European gold).European Union policies ensure safer food and a greener environment, better animate standards in poorer regions, joint action on crime and terror, cheaper telecoms and communication, millions of opportunities to study oversea and moreHow does it work?To make these things happen, EU countries have set up bodies to run the European Union and adopt its legislation. The main ones are* The European Parliament (representing the people of Europe)* The Council of the European Union (representing national governments)* The European fit (representing the common EU interest).How can the members have their say?The European Union is not a perfect society but it is an evolving project and incessantly has to be improved. If a community or even an individual has an important point to show to the union they must do some of the side by side(p) starting with* Contacting their local MP European Union policies are part of national politics.* Contacting their MEP and cast vote at the European Parliament elections the European Parliament enacts EU laws (www.europarl.europa.eu)* Contacting their NGOs (consumer associations, environmental pressure groups, etc.) they work with the EU on shaping policies.The EU has developed a single market corpse of laws which apply to all member states, and ensures the free movement of people, goods, services, and capital, including the elimination of offer controls by the Schengen Agreement bet ween 26 European Union states which I have listed below. European Union executes legislations in justice and home affairs, and maintains common policies on trade, agriculture, fisheries and regional development.Austria, Belgium, Czech, Re humankind, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden and Switzerland. (http//www.axa-schengen.com/en/schengen-countries)Value of International markets to UKNon EU Exports* In June 2010 the entireness value of UKs trade-in-goods exported to countries outside the EU was 10.9 billion.* As a par the total value of UKs trade-in-goods exported to countries outside the EU in whitethorn 2010 was 9.4 billion and for June 2009 was 8.2 billion.* June 2010 showed a 15.5 per cent increase in exports compared to May 2010 and a 33.0 per cent increase in exports compared to June 2009.* The total 2010 family to day of the month value of UKs trade-in-goods exported excluding June 2010 was 45.5 billion, which has been down revised by 6.9 million.* The final total value of UKs trade-in-goods exported for January 2009 to celestial latitude 2009 was 101.5 billion.Non EU Imports* In June 2010 the total value of trade-in-goods imported to the UK from countries outside the EU was 15.4 billion.* As a comparison the total value of UKs trade-in-goods imported to the UK from countries outside the EU in May 2010 was 14.0 billion and for June 2009 was 12.0 billion.* June 2010 showed a 9.6 per cent increase in imports compared to May 2010 and a 28.4 per cent increase compared to June 2009.* The total 2010 year to date value of UKs trade-in-goods imported excluding June 2010 was 67.5 billion.* The final total value of UKs trade-in-goods imported for January 2009 to December 2009 remains at 147.3 billion.(https//www.uktradeinfo.com/index.cfm?task=noneufullreport)It can be concluded that UK has less exports to th e non EU zone compared to the European market, in June 2010 total value of goods exported to Europe was 11.3Billion compared to the total value of goods exported to the international market which was 10.9Billion.International business traffic is an important feature of the UK deliverys survival almost 50% of UKs export is in the Non European Union zone, there fore international market has a vital role to play in UKs prudence.The imports of UK data shows that the import from the non European Union zone is increasing i.e. from 14.0 billion to 15.4 billion, hence the UK economy is dependent on the import of essential raw and prepared materials today the service sector is more and more important to the UK economy as a result of the weakening of the manufacturing sector directly imports are crucial and that is why using the international market the UK economy is on the growth as the export data depicts that UKs export is increasing from 8.2 billion to 10.9 billion.Value of European m arkets to UKEU Exports* In May 2010 the total value of UKs trade-in-goods exported to subdivision States of the EU was 11.3 billion.* As a comparison the total value of UKs trade-in-goods exported to Member States of the EU in April 2010 was 11.6 billion and for May 2009 was 9.3 billion.* May 2010 showed a 2.9 per cent settle in exports compared to April 2010 and a 21.3 per cent increase in exports compared to May 2009.* The total value of UKs trade-in-goods exported for January 2009 to December 2009 was 124.2 billion, which has been upwards revised by 48.5 million.* The total 2010 year to date value of UKs trade-in-goods exported excluding May was 46.2 billion, which has been upwardly revised by 273.6 million.EU Imports* In May 2010 the total value of trade-in-goods imported to the UK from Member States of the EU was 14.7 billion.* As a comparison the total value of UKs trade-in-goods imported to the UK from Member States of the EU in April 2010 was 15.3 billion and for May 2009 was 12.2 billion.* May 2010 showed a 4.2 per cent decrease in imports compared to April 2010 and a 20.8 per cent increase in imports compared to May 2009.* The total value of UKs trade-in-goods imported for January 2009 to December 2009 was 162.7 billion, which has been upwardly revised by 238.0 million.* The total 2010 year to date value of UKs trade-in-goods imported excluding May was 59.2 billion, which has been upwardly revised by 96.7 million. (https//www.uktradeinfo.com/index.cfm?task=euearlypub)The single market benefits the firms, by do it easier & cheaper to do business in other EU countries. No customs tax is charged on goods that are sold or transported between member states. The EU also tries to make each market as similar as possible to ensure fair competition across national inchs.Free Movement of CitizensEuropean citizens have the immunity to live, work, study, and travel in any other EU country. Since 1995 alone, about 100,000 new-made Britons have spent time studying in another European country.More JobsIt is estimated the 3.5 million British jobs are dependent on* Britains rank of the EU. (Source UK Jobs Dependent)UK joining the Euro (Pros & Cons)Below I have listed the advantages and disadvantages which were discussed by the chancellor Gordon Brown at the times of between 1999 and the year 2002 when the reels of countries in Europe joined the European Union and the bullionAdvantages1. A single specie should end currency instability in the participating countries (by irrevocably fixing exchange evaluate) and reduce it outside them. Because the Euro would have the parentd credibility of world used in a large currency zone, it would be more invariable against speculation than individual currencies are now. An end to internal currency instability and a reduction of external currency instability would modify exporters to project future markets with greater certainty. This will unleash a greater potential for growth.2. Consumer s would not have to change money when travelling and would visualise less red tape when transferring large sums of money across borders. It was estimated that a traveller visiting all twelve member states of the (then) EC would lose 40% of the value of his money in dealings charges alone. Once in a lifetime a family might make one large purchase or transaction across a European border such as buying a holiday home or a piece of furniture. A single currency would help that transaction pass smoothly.3. Likewise, businesses would no longer have to pay hedging costs which they do today in order to insure themselves against the threat of currency fluctuations. Businesses, involved in commercial transactions in different member states, would no longer have to face administrative costs of history for the changes of currencies, plus the time involved. It is estimated that the currency cost of exports to small companies is 10 times the cost to the multi-nationals, who offset sales against purchases and can command the best rates.4. A single currency should result in lower interest rates as all European countries would be locking into German monetary credibility. The stability pact (the main points of which were agreed at the Dublin upside of European heads of state or government in December 1996) will force EU countries into a system of pecuniary responsibility which will enhance the Euros international credibility. This should lead to more investment, more jobs and lower mortgages.Disadvantages1. xx seven separate countries with widely differing economic performances and different languages have neer before attempted to form a monetary union. It works in the United States because the labour market is mobile, helped by the common language and portability of pensions etc. across a large geographical area. Language in Europe is a huge barrier to labour force mobility. This may lead to pockets of deeply depressed areas in which people cannot come across work and areas where the economy flourishes and wages increase. While the cohesion funds attempt to address this, there are still great differences across the EU in economic performance.2. If governments were obliged through a stability pact to keep to the Maastricht criteria for perpetuity, no matter what their individual economic circumstances dictate, some countries may find that they are unable to combat ceding back by loosening their financial stance. They would be unable to devalue to supercharge exports, to borrow more to boost job creation or cut taxes when they see fit because of the public deficit criterion. In the United States, Texas could not avoid a recession in the wake of the 1986 oil price fall, whereas demand for Sterling changed in the light of the new oil price, adjusting the exchange rate downwards.3. All the EU countries have different cycles or are at different stages in their cycles. The UK is growing reasonably well, Germany is having problems. This is the reverse of the position in 1990. Since the war the UK economy has tended to have an economic cycle closer to the US than the EU. It has changed because interest rates are set in each country at the divert level for it. One central bank cannot set inflation at the appropriate level for each member state.4. Loss of national reign is the most often mentioned disadvantage of monetary union. The transfer of money and fiscal grapplencies from national to community level would mean economically strong and stable countries would have to co-operate in the field of economic policy with other, weaker, countries, which are more tolerant to higher inflation.(http//news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/ special(a)_report/single_currency/25081.stm)One of the few reasons that the United Kingdom did not want to join the single European currency with the scratch wave of countries on 1 January 1999 is that according to the chancellor of the exchequer at that time in 1999 who was Gordon Brown our current prime minister said that, although the government supported the principle of the single currency Britain would not be ready to join at least until the second wave of countries which occurred in 2002 and during that time he told the European Union that the country should take to prepare for monetary union but up till now there have been no indications of the United Kingdom joining the European Union currency, Euros.From my understanding there are many possible reasons that the government should consider while joining Euro, joining Euro would reduced exchange rate uncertainty for UK businesses and lower exchange rate transactions costs for some(prenominal) businesses and tourists. Eliminating exchange rates between European countries eliminates the risks of unforeseen exchange rate revaluations or devaluation, further those businesses who involved in commercial transactions in different member states would no longer have to face administrative costs of accounting for the changes of currencies. The los s of national sovereignty is the most often mentioned reason for the UK not joining the monetary union is the transfer of money and financial proficiency from national to community level would mean that economically strong and stable countries would have to co-operate in the field of economic policy with other weaker countries.European policiesThe European Union is currently active in a wide variety of policies from human rights to transport and trade below is the list of some of the policy areas of the European Union.Agriculture Media Competition Consumers Education habit Environment External trade Fight against fraud Human rights tax revenue Transport Justice, freedom Internal market Customs(http//europa.eu/pol/index_en.htm) collision of European Unions Competition policy on TescoCompetition policyA fair deal for allEffective competition provides goods and services cuts prices, raises quality and expands customer choice, allows technological innovation. The European Commission has wide powers to make sure businesses and governments stick to EU rules on fair competition.Competition must be fairIt is illegal under EU rules for businesses to fix prices or cut up up markets between them. A multinational company like Tesco cannot join with another giant if that would put them in a position to control the market, though practice this rule only prevents a small numbers of mergers going ahead.If Tesco plans to merge with its competitor, Tesco needs approval from the European Commission, the EUC (European Union Commission) mark their decision depending on the amount of business that Tesco has within the European boundaries.The Commission may agree to a company having a monopoly in special circumstances for example where costly infrastructure is involved (natural monopolies) or where it is important to guarantee a public service.The large may not exploit the smallIn doing business with smaller firms, Tesco cannot use their talk terms power to impose conditions wh ich would make it difficult for their supplier or customer to do business with its competitors. The Commission can, does and has fined companies for all these practices.No props for gimpy ducksThe Commission also monitors closely how much assistance EU governments make available to business (state aid). This aid can take many forms loans and grants, tax breaks, goods and services provided at preferential rates, or government guarantees which enhance the credit rating of a company compared to its competitors but in this case this does not apply to Tesco till today as Tesco is already on top of its game.Exceptions that prove the ruleSome exceptions to the general rules are possible. The European Union Commission can allow companies like Asda and Morisons to cooperate in developing a single technical standard for the market as a whole. It can allow smaller companies to cooperate if this strengthens their ability to compete with larger ones such as Sainsburys and Tesco.Aid for researc h and innovation, regional development or small and medium-sized enterprises is often allowable because these serve boilers suit EU goals.Checks and balancesThe Commissions extensive powers to investigate and halt violations of European Union competition rules are subject to legal review by the European Court of Justice. Businesses on a regular basis have to make appeals against Commission decisions if it seems like a unfair deal.The competition policy stops the Tesco from growing further from their potential market share, something which Tesco has cognise to be done in the recent years. Effective competition provides goods and services, mechanically raises quality and customer choices increase with competition. The policy also allows technological innovation and the European Commission makes sure that these innovations are in the European Unions fair competition policy.EnvironmentThe European Union has some of the highest environment standards in the world, developed over decades to address a wide range of issues. at present the main priorities are combating climate change, preserving biodiversity, and reducing health problems from pollution and crisscross sure that natural resources are being used more responsibly. humor changeClimate change is one of the gravest challenges facing humanity. The European Union plans to reduce greenhouse gases at least 20% by 2020 (compared with 1990 levels), raise in renewable energys share of the market to 20% and cut overall energy consumption by 20% (compared with projected trends).All businesses like Tescos are directly touch on by this policy as this aims to cut energy consumption and greenhouse gasses by 20%, meaning Tesco will have to recycle more, reuse materials more and reduce wastage and use of non-biodegradable equipment which will have a small dent on their profit.Emissions tradingEuropean Unions rewards businesses and organisations, which reduce their CO2 emissions and penalises those that exceed limits. In troduced in 2005, the scheme takes in about 12,000 factories and plants responsible for about half the EUs emissions of CO2.Under the system, European Union governments set limits on the amount of carbon dioxide emitted by energy-intensive industries and if they want to emit more CO2 than their quota, they have to buy spare permits but most supermarkets stores do not manufacture and this means that they will have to use eco favourable methods of business and equipment. Tesco has already proven that they are committed towards being eco-friendly, Tesco Plc, the worlds No.4 retailer, plans to fall over 100 million pounds with British green technology companies over the coming year as it steps up its drive to halve carbon emissions by 2020.(http//uk.reuters.com/article/idUKTRE61203720100203)Environmental healthNoise, swimming water, rare species and emergency response -these are just some of the areas covered under the extensive body of environmental legislation that the EU has estab lished over the decades.EU has set binding limits on emissions of fine particles known as PM2.5. Released by cars and trucks, these microscopic particles can cause respiratory diseases. Under the new law, EU countries will have to reduce exposure to fine particles in urban areas by an average 20% by 2020. In 2007 Tesco sure the Top online green award for their zero-emission delivery vans.sustainable developmentSustainable development has long been one of the overarching objectives of EU policy. EU leaders launched the first EU sustainable development strategy in 2001 and updated it in 2006 to face shortcomings and take account of new challenges. Since then there have been large efforts in terms of policy. Now the focus is on putting policy into practice in to UKs market.As Tesco manly sells general groceries they are affected by the European Unions environment policy, in a way that it has to source materials from the suppliers who obey and follow the European Unions environment p olicy, this means that Tesco has limited get across of potential suppliers.

‘I Spy’ by Graham Green Essay

1. SettingWe rotter adduce exactly that tout ensemble the expound events take built in bed in England, particularly, they devolve in the Eastern part of England. The founder of the Charlie Stowe, of the main character, was supposed to be in Norwich that iniquity we kat once about it directly from the textual matter ( tonight he state he would be in Norwich). Norwich is the regional administrative center and country t avow of Norfolk. Besides, one sentence tells us that place isnt far from water (the wind blew from the sea, and Charlie Stowe could hearthe beating of the waves) and now we gutter say precisely that it is just by the North sea that washes the shores of England. The events happen at night in the tin where the family of Charlie Stowe lives, particularly, at the tobacconists hook that was kept by his get. It is said in southward paragraph of the text. It was time of the World state of war I.The following clues help us to understand it enemy airships, Zeppe lin, which was a type of airship pioneered in Germany in the beginning of XX century and used widely to bombardon England during the period of the World War I, such features of fashion of that time as bowler hats and belted mackintoshes, brands of cigargonttes that Charlies grow was exchangeing (Gold Flake, Players, Woodbines were wide-spread that time). Moreover, in the text Huns were mentioned. It is an Offensive slang used as a disparaging curiopoint for a German, especially, a German soldier in World War I.2. P luckCharlie Stowe, the main character, gets mocked by his schoolmates at the County school, because he has never attempt a cigarette at his 12 in his life sentence. One night he decides to have a potty and sneaks to the tobacconists shop run by his father whom he doesnt eff. His set about is quiescency and his father isnt supposed to be at home. But when Charlie vexs himself at the shop he hears footfalls in the street. It is his father and dickens unknown q uantitys. They have a brief chat and then leave the shop. Charlie goes upstairs, he is  really panic-struck just now the attitude to his father changed. We rat observe the organise of the text. The expositions of the bosh include the commentary of that night and Charlies family. The climax happens when his father and twain strangers have a talk, particularly, on the phrase Welltheres nothing to be done about it, and I may as well have my smokes.It was said by Charlies father and it is the or so chief(prenominal) routine of the humbug, because here we see starchy likeness betwixt the father and the male child during boys attempt to commit a crime (to smoke a cigarette) he tries to encourage himself with grown-up and childish exhortations and what is kindle Charlie uses the same words to encourage himself in the forth paragraph and his father saying the phrase above alike tries to encourage himself. Maybe he committed a crime being a spy because two strangers seem to be policemen or secret-service agents and the father tells them that The married woman will shop out, talking about his tobacco business. in addition unusual way says to us this fact his voice has an un known to Charlie note and he holds his annoyed collar. It indicates that he is very nervous and as well as his voice is modify as a biscuit. When Mr. Stowe requisites to get his coat one of the strangers would like to go with him not letting him be alone. It seems that Charlies father is arrested. We can do this guess-work and find one more(prenominal) likeness amongst Charlie and his father committing a crime. The resolution happens when the father and two strangers leave the shop, panic-struck Charlie goes upstairs and understands how ofttimes he necks his father.3. Elements of plotThis short tale abounds with conflicts. At the beginning we go that Charlie has never tried a cigarette in his life and gets mocked by boys at school. It is the counterbalance conflict t he boy versus schoolmates, his peers, and it can be opineed as the conflict of a man and society. The second one happens between Charlie and his father which he doesnt like at the beginning. Thats why we can call Charlie protagonist, and his father opposer. We see the third direct conflict between Charlies father and two men. The mystery is hidden in their talk. And in the farseeing run there is the forth conflict the intragroup conflict of the boy who at his 12 regards to be an adult trying to have a smoke once against the fear and prohibition and maybe commit the hardest crime of his age.4. The theme/ heartThe main predilection of the story is a generation gap, the relations of Fathers and Sons. It is nevertheless relevant nowdays, parents should pay attention to the way of upbringing of their children. Lie, mistakes, carelessness and inadequateness of attention of parents would reflect on the behavior and personality of their children. The other idea is found in the c onflict of Charlie and his peers. Sometimes to be respected in society we try to do what it dictates us. Children are exposed to the society beguile easier, because they havent enough experience in life and their initiation out matter isnt finally formed. The minor idea of this story is to fork over how our attitude can be wrong judging people just about us, even our closest people, our relatives, and it may happen that it would be too posthumous to say the warmest words to the dearest people and even living with our family we cannot score the likeness or common things that connect us. We should be more attentive, more sensitive and sympathetic and keep in mind that our children would somehow look like us.5. NarrationThe type of narration is entrusted narrative. The story is told from the point of berth of Charlie who uses the 3d person. It is an omniscient point of view.6. Fiction elements/StructureThe author entrusts the main character telling us the story. Thats why we can consider this story as an interior monologue. In the text we also reckon with protagonists inner dialog and the dialog between the antagonist and two strangers. It is a kind of blend of dialogs and monologue speech. It makes us animadvert more vivid the situation and keeps us in tension. On the integral the structure of the text is chronological. Only the second paragraph is a minute bit detached telling about Charlies family and his conflicts with boys from County school and his father. The story starts at the beginning and moves through time.7. Style level of complexityThe structure of the text is very complex. There are a lot of commas, semi-colons and conjunctions. Also inclusion of the dialogs tells us about it. Equally with conjunctions such stylistic pull as asyndeton is used many times in the text. Abrupt changes from long sentences to short ones and vice versa create a very strong encumbrance of tension and suspense for they serve to arrange a nervous, ragged one sh ot of the utterances. Also very short sentences produce a very strong emphatic impact. In the text we can notice loose, periodic and balance sentences, it also says to us about very sophisticated structure of the text. We can encounter with apokoinu constructions light burning, chin cupped in his hands, do him grab, hefty of several men walking rapidly, degraded steps going away, dont let me be caught. Apokoinu constructions are mostly used in the entrusted narrative. We can find also a lot of attachments, particularly, in dialogs (In speech of Charlies father), in the fifth paragraph (belted mackintoshes. They were strangers.)The story abounds with literary words as it should be with the fiction. The author chose very colored words such as banks of calumniate, thin haze, stale smoke, boisterous, spasmodically, phantasm, despair, lurked, held his breath, dare not to move, cowered and etc. Dialogs are very colloquial, a lot of phrasal verbs are used (sell out, to be off, put off ). What is very kindle in the text you can find some maxims. Firstly, in the inner dialog of the boy (May as well be hung for a sheep, but it isnt full, we can consider it as ellipsis) and secondly in the speech of Charlies father, not finished as well ( slice theres life, the continuation is there is hope) and a stitch in time (also isnt finished (continuation saves nine)), and wrenched proverb Never do today what you can put off work tomorrow.The latter is said with a touch of sarcasm. The usage of proverbs also is a common characteristic of the boy and his father. Elipsises reflect the natural omissions characterizing oral exam colloquial speech and the main function is to achieve the authenticity and plausibility of fictious dialog. When Charlie wants to encourage himself he says Cowardy, cowardy custard. It is a very interesting expression and is a taunt used by schoolchildren in the UK equivalent to scaredy cat in the U.S. By the way it is one more clue in adjudge of the story happens in England. It means one who is excessively fearful. The word Cowardy is make with the help of diminutive  affix y, it underlines additional emotional coloring. The descriptions in the story are very detailed, author uses a lot of epithets (boisterous, refinement, stale, noisy and etc.).Figurative language is traced through the whole story. We can find metaphors such as a searchlightprobing the dark cloudy spaces (we can also call it personification), surprise and awe kept him inflame, the tobacconists shopdrew him on, personification familiar photograph had stepped from the frame to reproach him with neglect, similis such as dry as biscuit, but his fathers affection and disfavour were as indefinite as his movements, disguised simili can be find in the mentioned phrase Cowardy, cowardy custard, periphrasis the packets were piled twelve deep below quite of there were 12 packets of cigarettes which conveys a purely individual perception of the described object, o nomatopoeia when they cracked if we talk about stairs and emphasizes the reigning tension.talking again about the phrase Cowardy, cowardy custard author from Charlies point of view describes it as childish exhortation. We can notice one more morphological device, suffix ish. It deepens the coloring of the utterance expressing some contempt. In the second and in the finishing paragraphs we can find antithesises the first one in the description of Charlies father who is opposed to his stimulate and the second one while his mother was boisterous and kindly, his father was very like himself doing things in the dark which frightened him. Through this device we can understand the real attitude of Charlie to his parents. In the last antithesis there is also a comparison of the boy and his father. In the text we can also find dont you constructions, the first of which was used to emphasize sarcasm of one of the strangers (Dont you want to peach to your wife? and another one is an inversi on Dont you worry to much. Mr. Stowe used it to produce sarcasm as well. Talking about dialogs we can underline its colloquialism also by repetition Yes, yes.8. Tone/moodThe tone of the story is very tense, serious, suspenseful and sometimes in characters words sarcasm slips. Tension and fear are seen in the description of boys actions sat in despair, cowered in darkness, held his breath, clutched his nightshirt tight and prayed. In some phrases of the one stranger we can find sympathy. Also we feel sympathy both to the boy who is mocked at school and his father who seems to be arrested. In the detailed description of Charlies father we can notice that the boy is offended by him (left even punishment to his mother). The mood of the story is discouraging and tense. We feel it throughout the story, the setting helps us to feel it deeply as well. But in the end we feel a kind of succour for a moment when the boy understands he loves his father. We say for a moment because we wil l never know if the father and the boy ever take care again.9. Types of charactersa) Charlie12 years old kid, brave enough to do what is proscribe (to have a smoke). But is under impact of his schoolmates who mock at him, it is a common phenomenon of children of his age. He is smart, we can say it reading how he encourages himself with the proverb. Maybe it tells us that he is well-read. The peculiarity of children of the World War I time was that they were elder mentally, more clever than the children of the peace time. The severe milieu made them like that. Charlie tries to prove his maturity, to go against the fear. He is very unadventurous and skillful. But one thing he forgets is matches. He was so peak in his desire that make him forget a very important thing without what he cant fulfill his wish.Though Charlie loves his mother very much, we cant say he is mothers darling. He wants to be with his father, share problems and feelings with him, but he sees that his father is nt interested in him. That makes him frustrated. Charlie is a dynamic type of character, because he has a very strong position against his father and the attitude to him changes in the end. And he understands himself differently than at the beginning.b) Mr. StoweFrom the very beginning we know that Charlie doesnt love his father. He describes him as unreal to him, a wraith, pale, thin and indefinite, who noticed him besides spasmodically and left even punishment to his mother. Tonight he had said he would be in Norwich, and yet you never knew this tells us that he lies to his family. He is afraid of revealing his crime. It is seen in the phrase told one of the strangers if you wouldnt mind being quite, gentlemen. I dont want to inflame up the family.., The same we can see in his answer on the strangers question Dont you want to speak to your wife? Not me. But at the same time Mr. Stowe is very polite with strangers (if you wouldnt mind, Mind if).It also emphasizes his deceit fulness. Mr. Stowe is fond of what he is doing running the tobacconists shop (Its a cracking little businessfor those that like it). We can notice how carefully he behaves with the packets of cigarettes (he lifted a pile of Gold Flake and Players from a shelf and caressed the packets with the tips of his fingers.). He couldnt be the closest person to his own kid, but he is good at business.c) Mr. StoweCharlie opposes his father to his mother at the beginning of the story describing that her presence is boisterous and her charity is noisy. She fill up the world for him, from her speech he judged her the friend of everyone, from the rectors wife to the Dear Queen, except the Huns. For his mother he felt a passionate demonstrative love. The word demonstrative underlines the ostentation of his love opposing more strong his father to her. It seems that Charlie is very angry with his father at the beginning. Her kindness and boisterous presence are mentioned in the end of the story aga in, but now the boy doesnt feel her presence, it is unambiguous in the last sentence He was alone in the house with his mother. He wants to say the warmest words not to her, but to his father. At the end Mr. Stowe becomes the dearest person to the Charlie.d) Two strangersThese two strangers seem to be secret-service agents as it was mentioned above. Their appearance (bowler hats and mackintoshes) and phrase we are on indebtedness hint at that. One of them is polite enough thanking for the offered cigarette give thanks you all the time, one of usll come with you, if you dont mind, said the stranger gently. The other one is trying to be sarcastic.10. Methods of characterizationDirect11. SymbolismWe can compare growing of a child with the stairs. Every footstep is a phase or life period. We can observe the dynamics of Charlies life, his growing, throughout the story, though it is a very little period of time. But the changes are evident. And we can animadvert the stairs as a symbo lic element. Moreover, we can find symbol in night characterizing Charlies fears and hesitation and uncertainty.12. Stylistic devicesA lot of stylistic devices were mentioned above. But in this part of the analysis I want to discuss the title of the story I Spy. It sounds like a kids game Eye Spy, where the player-spy silently selects an object that is visible to all the players and does not reveal his or her choice. The same with Charlie he wants to share his feelings, emotions and problems with the father, but doesnt do it. His father isnt interested in him, he is indefinite and the boy feels it. I Spy and Eye Spy is a stylistic device called pun, based on the play of words that sound similar.