Visual Aids Help Tths Students Improve Their English Education Essay

ocular Aids Help Tths Students Improve Their position teaching method EssayIn Vietnam, incline is considered the more or less keen international verbiage, which is taught as one of the main subjects in aims as well as in universities and is as well employ the intimately in communication among former(a) foreign languages. According to the Longman dictionary of language educational activity and applied linguistics, side of meat is used as a foreign language or a second language to communicate with foreigners who articulate the position language in non- incline speaking countries.The side didactics and cultivation at Thuong Tin senior high indoctrinate is not very signifi stomacht in preconditions of the students exploit. Especi all(prenominal)y, the adult concern is for face verbiage retention. At the end of the first condition 2009 2010 only around 50% of the students got an average of 5 and 6, and only 8% got 7 or 8 and the rest got 3 or 4 in the side of meat oral test in the 2009 State maiden Term Examination. These figures hand over made the teachers of English in TT advanced School feel worried, they choose to consider the serious problem c atomic number 18fully and align out the best methods to rectify the situation quickly.This poor achievement is not new but has lasted for years, and in that respect hold up been some(prenominal) things do about it but the situation has not improved. Students have been given up supererogatory lessons so that they have more time to use their English, especially English speaking lessons, they have been inspection and repaired a lot with revision originally each test. They have crimson been appendd with well-prep ard hand-outs of the points on which they atomic number 18 termination to be tried and true and told what to suss out to do the tests well. In spite of what they have been informed and reminded of, unheralded things have still occurred, students have not improved their achievement, and the fact that around students were not very proficient in speaking and piece of makeup tests which were fork outn on the report of first term.To find out which factors ar important in language information, it is necessary to have a close look at social factors as well as a number of mental dimensions of difference. Attitudes and motivation, self-confidence, intelligence, language aptitude, and language accomplishment strategies have likewise been found to have an effect on language fiters success in their language nurture (Gardner, 2001).The query project took put up at Thuong Tin High School located in Thuong Tin, a town about 30 kilometres from Ha Noi Capital and has been developing very fast. The people have become richer and a large number of families have invested money in afterward(prenominal) coach activities and private tutoring for their children in English and other core subjects. If students and learners have an fine trai n of English, they pull up stakes gain acceptance to higher tutors of learning and remediate-paid jobs.English is an important and compulsory subject at almost every(prenominal) trail in Vietnam. Thus, usually students have to learn English for at least(prenominal) 7 years, from grade 6 to grade 12. In many schools in cities children start learning English in grade 3. on that point is eve a trend to learn English before elementary school as their parents believe that the English language is a useful enthronization for their childrens future. Most jobs now require the appli gitts to have knowledge of English language at certain levels. Though English is taught from grade 3 in primary schools, most high school students are troublesome to submit an English paragraph fluently, talk to each other in English as a conversation, listen to a short introduction on television or economise a letter or even a paragraph of description in English well.The issue that why most TTHS stud ents have still had low results on speaking and writing tests though they have been protagonisted a lot before tests, and what accomplishable resolves could be found. The TTHS teachers have had a serious discussion and come to conclusion that most TTHS students have low English mental lexicon retention and this has spacious submit on their speaking and writing tests. Students bottom not speak, listen, engage and publish English if they do not have enough necessary English language. But what we, teachers, have to do to facilitate our students improve their English vocabulary. more things moldiness be done to change the situation for the better, and the concerns were elevator carried out, much(prenominal) as motivation, methods of teaching and learning, environment of teaching and learning, materials and inclusive of Visual Aids. The defined solution for this issue was that victimization Visual Aids to help students improve English vocabulary retention, because the teache rs believed that there is no ways of learning vocabulary better than seeing the real things or illustrated things.Most teachers of English agree that it is unenviable for them to have happy lessons on vocabulary or communication without optical support and students give not be well-situated to understand and practice if they do not have certain optic support for every t invite because students do not have enough necessary vocabulary to practice. The purpose of this research is to suss out using Visual Aids helps TTHS students improve English vocabulary and the effects that optical teaching strategies have on the academic achievement of TTHS students.Research uncertaintysHow do VISUAL AIDS help students improve English vocabulary retention?What effects do optic teaching strategies have on the academic achievement of TTHS students?LITERATURE check up onVisual back upBrown (19731) emphasizes that using mobification of media, optic support, will growth the probability th at the students will learn more, observe better what they learn and improve their performance of the skills they are expected to develop. Moreover, Finocchiaro (197463) states that the students will understand and retain better when they have been ushern or taught some objects that associate with it.Educational professionals have acknowledged the fact that students who struggle in construe light because they whitethorn lack the ability to comprehend language. Joseph (2006) realised, there are several approaches to teaching volume-reading skills but few incorporate systematic procedures that facilitate mastery, build fluency and lead to retention of skills for struggling readers(p.803). Students who struggle in acquisition skills need specific interventions to increase their reading level and word knowledge. These interventions should be on-going and occur early in the learning process in influence to ease the cognitive load at the students current reading level and for the n ext grade level. Using optical assist to enhance English vocabulary and vocabulary retention is a strategy that has been researched and implemented into TTHS English casteromms.With the use of opthalmic help, such as au and sotic materials or illustrated things, students could increase their English vocabulary retention as well as they abide base on their vocabulary to improve their speaking, writing, listening and reading comprehension skills. Joseph (2006) confirmed that students tend to be more motivated and choose to concluded assignments and tasks that contain some items that are known to them and that appear to demand begin level of effort because they feel confident about their ability to arrant(a) such tasks. If implemented properly, optic aids, which are authentic materials or illustrated things, can make ongoing deffernces in students ability to read with confidence on an individual basis and continually. It is the consistency of vocabulary interventions that all ows the struggling students to see the vocabulary terms within the reading passage if they are to expand their knowledge of the vocabulary term. This can make the difference in their proficiency of language acquisitionDave (1975 10-11) also proposes some of the visual aids as followsReal things and toys with diametrical sorts, sizes and change are useful todraw students interest. Real things can be presented to students by means of field trip or bringing the object to the come apart for direct observation.Chalkboard or blackboard are certain to be the most useful teaching aids, used in the class. They have the value of providing points of attention for the class and they can be used for many purposes. Pictures are flashed for a brief moment, therfore, the pictures should be simple and bad enough to be seen clearly by every student in the class. Wall charts or wall pictures are big papers with some pictures and nomenclature, useful for presenting vocabulary to the class. From the bill above, not all of media can be applied in the classroom the teachers have to select the stamp down media that directly related to the learning process.Vocabulary assessments should also be used for a precursor to approximate students comprehension. Johnston (1997) pointed that as childen spend more and more time reading and writing, many routines and common patterns become automatic, picking up speed and actually going through a different part of the brain, no longer involving conscious(p) efforts (p 145). This is an important factor if students are to become independent of the classroom teacher. It is important to increase students toolbox of vocabulary strategies.According to Haycraft (1983 102) teaching aids can be used for consolidating vocabulary, practicing structure and word order or for variety of games. Besides, teaching aids can also give a great help to the teacher in the class. A learner cannot always successfully learn English just by listening to the expla nation from the teacher. Visual aids help teacher give more emphasis on pronunciation of the words, utterances and incorrect written of words. Moreover, in vocabulary class, the learners are further to give their opinions about the visual aids that are presented by the teacher, gum olibanum the learners can be more active in teaching-learning process. Visual aids are also very useful to train the students to speak and short-change the words automatically.Visual aids, especially pictures are very useful in teaching vocabulary to encourage and motivate the students to learn the language. As express by Coppen (1969 88) pictures are parts of visual aids.The purpose of picture is to provide a stimulus which will elicit a particular solvent from the learner. The picture represents some action and in order to learn the appropriate words to describe the action itself must not be in question. Pictures are parts of visual aids. They may be used in teaching the elementary school students to avoid boredom. Brown (1973 410) states some functions of pictures as follows Media are used to teach the students to learn effectively. Pictures help the students read the books and at last interpret and memorize words.Edmund Fason (1959 416) states that teaching-learning process with pictures will get succeed if the pictures are related to the material of the study, pictures should be coloured and varied, colourful pictures intensify the students imagination.Using visual aids can give a great help to the teacher in the class. The students will not always be successful in learning English just by listening to the explanation from the teacher or by reading many books. Using visual aids in vocabulary class encourage the students to give their opinions about the presented pictures. The teacher can make them more active during the teaching-learning process. Moreover, flashing visual aids for a short time is very useful for the students to speak and memorize the words automatically. storageRetention should be a unavoidableness for the acquisition of vocabulary terms. Joseph (2008) makes these recommendations, in specific environmental conditions, words that were taught were considered wise to(p) when they were read correctly on next- mean solar day retention probes. Words that were not read correctly on next-day retention probes were not considered learned. Previously taught but untaught words were retaught with the same instructional condition until they were read correctly on next-day retention probes (p 298). This would be a good procedure to follow if learners are to highten their retention of vocabulary terms. These retention probes were designed to measure students vocabulary acquisition. Retention probes were always administered the day immediately following the instructional condition and before another round of instructional conditions bagan. Each retention probe consisted of all the visual aids of unknown words that were taught in the previuos dail y sessons. The visual aids were exchanged and presented as one assemblage of words to the students. Reiser and Dempsey (2007) states, maximise learning with rich media involves two memories systems working memory and long term memory that shapes human learning (p314).METHODOLOGYSubjectsThis research study took place in Thuong Tin High School in Thuong Tin town, 30 kilometres away from the centre of Ha Noi Capital. The subjects involved in this research were 40 students, they were in two different classes 12A2 and 12A3 (aged 16-18). They were randomly selected to put into two groups 20 students in the support group (12A2) and 20 other students in the observational group (12A3) (This means that the class 12A2 has 20 participants who belong to the control group, and the class 12A3 has 20 participants who belong to the data-based group). All of them are grade-12 students in the school year 2009 2010 and go to school everyday from Monday to Saturday. They have 3 English periods ever y week, each period lasts 45 minutes. The essay lasted one month.after forming two groups, a test was given to students to check their English vocabulary so that the researcher could ensure students in two groups had the English vocabulary equivalence (Appendice 2).Instruments.Many visual aids were used when conducting this research, this was done by using pictures, real things and illustrated things. To make clear the research question, these following types of information were collected surveys, pre-tests and post-tests, interviews, observations, and test gobs.A survey was given at the germ of the study to determine if the students make happyed learning English and their attitudes to the instructional style of the class (Appendice 1). This helped me understand students perception of the class and if any changes, other than those used during the study, mandatory to be made to maximize the students academic performance.A Pre-test and Post-test were used before and after the res earch to find out the difference between the pre-test results and post-test results in order to know whether studentsvocabulary retention has been improved (Appendice 3A, 3B). manifestations and test scores were also used as measurement tools. In order to take notes and determine the participation and attitudes of the students, observations were used daily. Did the students respond differently to the various visual aids? Were the students on task during a certain visual strategy? Did the students enjoy some visual strategies over others? Observing also made it possible to determine if outside variables affected the students test scores. Were the students having a stressful day? Did the students just come back to school from a holiday rift? To determine if the use of visuals affected test scores, test scores during the iv week study were compared with those from the previous four weeks. At the end of the study, the answers to the questions must be found Why do TTHS students speak, listen to, read and write English so badly? How do visual aids help them improve their English vocabulary retention? Which effects do the visual teaching strategies have on the academic achievement of TTHS students?Design and Methods of entropy CollectionWhen implementing the experiment, the researcher used different visual aids in lessons, for example pictures, real things and illustrated things were utilized alternatively so that students could understand the mentioned words and memorize them more effectively.Interviews were done before and after the research in order to know whether students were interested in the experiment, how they behaved during the research and what they achieved after the research.Observation was implemented in the process of research, this helped the researcher know that all the students in the experimental group took part in the experiment regularly.Test scores were done after the experiment finished, the test scores were collected from the pre-test res ults and the post-test results to show the improvement and difference of using visual aids in teaching and learning English vocabulary. pedagogy activities that used visual aids were provided to the experimental group students in the class 12A3 in all the lessons listening, speaking, reading and writing lessons every week.RESULTSSurvey Results.The survey that was given to the two English classes include five questions and five answers, numbers 1-5 (Appendice 1). When asked students the five questions, the researcher found that there was a big difference about students attitude to learning English, and learning English vocabulary with the help of visual aids before and after the experiment. The result was compared in the Pre and Post-survey (Appendice 1).QuestionsAnswers onwards the experiment(n=students) afterwards the experiment(n=students)1. Do you enjoy learning English?Yes3268No48122. If you do not like learning English, why?Because Teaching methods3418Lack of visual aids46623. Would you like to learn English vocabulary by watching visual aids, such as pictures, real things or illustrated things?Yes5268No28124. Do you think you will improve your English vocabulary better by looking at the visual aids when you are discussing a topic?Yes4667No34135. Should visual aids be used and taught regularly and diversely in classesYes4866No3214There were several tests (a sample test in appendice 2) given to students in the some(prenominal) groups to ensure that the students in the experimental group was equivalent with students in the control group about the English vocabulary before the experiment.GroupsPercentage of words that recalled and written down before the experiment0 20%30 50%50 70%80 100% avow group(n=20)2873 experimentalGroup(n=20)3962Interview ResultsIn each group, 5 students were randomly invited to interview before and after the experiment. They were asked to give answers to 3 questions (Appendice 4). The 5 students in the experimental group produc ed the same words as the 5 students in the control group before the experiment but the experimental students produced more words than the control students after the ezperiment.a. An interview before the experimentb. An interview after the experiment.Tests ResultsPre-testsGroupsNumber of words10 4040 7070 -100Control(n=students)893Experimental(n-students)7104Pots-testsGroupsNumber of words(n=100 words)10 4040 7070 -100Control(n=students)5105Experimental(n-students)2117From the results of the post-tests, it was easy to find that if students were provided with visual aids in their lessons. They could increase their vocabulary much better. Before the experiment, the two groups were equivalent in their vocabulary, but there was a big gap between the control group and experimental group after the experiment. The experimental group increased their vocabulary a lot more than they were before. However, the control group did not improve their vocabulary a lot.Questionnaire Resultsafter th e study time, the 20 students in the experimental group were given a five question interview about their feelings towards the class. The answers were categorized as both being agreement and disagreement and compared with the results before the experiment..Comparison of Agreement and distinction Responses from the InterviewQUESTIONSAnswers from Ex-group(n=students)YESNOBeforeAfterBeforeAfter1) Do you like the English class?8151252) Do you enjoy learning with visual aids1217733) Do you think the visual aids are helping you?10141064) Do you require to have visual aids in future lessons?1116945) Are you motivated with and interested in learning English vocabulary with visual aids?1018102DiscussionThe objective of my research was to find out how visual aids help students improve their English vocabulary and to discover if visual learning strategies have an effect on ESL academic achievement in a high school English classroom. The main findings of this research show that there is a ov erconfident correlation between the use of visual aids and the results when using surveys, interviews, observations, and test score comparisonComparison of Averages from the Control and Study PeriodsAccording to Dong (2002), he found that when teachers use visuals, the students ask more questions. During the study period, I observed that the students in the experiment asked more questions than the control group. The students were interested in the visual aids and always asked questions to shed light on their misunderstanding.CONCLUSIONThis research indicates that students may learn in many different ways and teachers should do many things possible to support and to meet the postulate of all students. Visual aids can break the language obstruction that separates students from teachers. Pictures, ral things or illustrated things always helped to explain both special and common English words fully. For example, the word fire an employee was given to students in a question on a test, but none of the students in the class knew what that word meant and trying to explain it did not help either. The meaning of the word was then made clear when I made a picture on the board. This research would recommend that teachers use as many visual aids as possible in their classroom.This research also shows that visual aids can increase students English vocabulary and improve their vocabulary retention. The most useful and popular visual aids were introduced in class were pictures, illustrated things, such as toys or model forms. For example, during the unit on cars, it was so easy for students to guess and to know the parts of a car when they saw pictures of car parts or a toy car.My research had a positive impact on student learning, English is quite a difficult subject with lots of vocabulary and visuals are the best way to learn those words. There are also a lot of topics that have to be covered in an English class. Visuals, especially pictures, are a great way to show stu dents the overall concept and the minute details of a topic. The students in my English class have learnt and improved their vocabulary a lot when I applied the visual aids in the class. As already mentioned, pictures were the most popular and effective. There was a purpose canful each and every visual. I carefully planned out how I would do and explain each visual so that students could performed well.REFERENCESCollier, V. P. (1992). A discount of studies examining long-term language minority student data on academic achievement. Bilingual Research Journal, 16 (1-2), 187-212.Dong, Y. R. (2002). Integrating language and content Education and Bilingualism, 5 (2), 40-57.Duran, B. J., Dugan, T., Weffer, R. (1998). Language minority students in high schoolHamblen, K. A. (1993). Theories and research that support art instruction for instrumental outcomes. Theory into Practice, 3 (4), 191-198.Mayer, R. E. (1989). Models for understanding. look backward of Educational Research, 59 (1), 43-64.Gardner, R.C. (1985), Social Psychology and Second Language nurture The role of attitudes and motivation, London Edward ArnoldGardner, R. C. 2001. Language Learning Motivation The Student, the Teacher, and the Researcher.Texas Papers in Foreign Language Education, Volume 6,Number 1,Fall 2001.Joseph, L. (2006, May). Incremental narration A flashcard drill technique for increasing retention of reading words. International Reading Association, 51 (1), 90-92.Petrie, G. M. (2003). ESL teachers views on visual language A grounded theory. The Reading Matrix, 3 (3), 137-168.Tan, A., Nicholson, T. (1997, June). Training poor readers to read words windy improve their comprehension of vocabulary. Journal of Educational Psychology, 89(2), 276.Appendice 1SurveyThe servey was given to 2 classes (each class consists of 40 students).QuestionsAnswerBefore the experiment(n=students)After the experiment(n=students)1. Do you enjoy learning English?Yes3268No48122. If you do not like learning English, why?Because Teaching methods3418Lack of visual aids46623. Would you like to learn English vocabulary by watching visual aids, such as pictures, real things or illustrated things?Yes5268No28124. Do you think you will improve your English vocabulary better by looking at the visual aids when you are discussing a topic?Yes4667No34135. Should visual aids be used and taught regularly and variously in classesYes4866No3214

Making Punishment Fit The Crime

Making Punishment Fit The CrimeCrimes such as dose possession, petty theft, and forgery be non-violent, both(prenominal)times dupe slight execrations, yet everyplace half the United States prison house house house population consists of these type of offenders. Most prisons in the United States house more prisoners than they were built to hold. The United States spends more than forty billion dollars to each one year on incarceration. Prison overcrowding seems to be the discernment that many offenders atomic number 18 kept egress of prison, sentenced to short prison terms, and anaesthetised huge before their sentence is complete. Child molesters, armed robbers, and rapists argon a great deal comparisonoled as a solution to easing prison overcrowding. Meanwhile, some first-time offenders that commit non-violent crimes be not given the opportunity to be paroled and one-time(prenominal)s end up serving more time than offenders that commit violent crimes. pick sentencing wad serve as a remedy to prison overcrowding and unfair penalty. Alternative sentencing is a program designed to make penalizations fit the crime. Rather than move a non-violent offender to prison, offenders are alternating(a)ly sentenced to punishments such as probation, electronic monitoring, association service, and drug and alcohol rehabilitation. Alternative sentencing locoweed help to halt an offender from re- offending, thus decreasing the prison population and spending less taxpayer money on prisons. It can also help inmates who have unblemished their sentence transition back into society successfully. somewhat states, worry Pennsylvania, are reducing prison sentences and releasing non-violent prisoners in order for them to participate in pick sentencing programs. However, in order to receive resource sentencing, offenders must gibe certain qualifications such as not having a lengthy deplorable nature, not having committed a serious felony, and must not set about a risk to themselves or the community. According to Bennet, Brandeis Universitys National Institute for Sentencing Alternatives analyze North Carolina prisoners felonious histories and its director, Mike Corrigan, said his staff found that 20 to 30 percent of North Carolina prisoners were likely to be safely punish out view prison (Bennet, par 10). Institutions like Brandeis make recommendations to state legislators for secondary sentencing programs. . Unfortunately, state legislators can pass legalitys that hold open decide from victimisation alternative sentencing especially during election years. Politicians that run their campaigns on the get knobbed on crime slogan, make it difficult for alternative programs to stay in earthly concern or new programs to be created. Candidates running for the position of judge do not support these programs and judges that are up for re-election tend not to sentence alternatively during election years. One program, however, that mo st get tough on crime politicians are in favor of is boot-camp for small male offenders. This program was started in Georgia and is now being used by 11 states and is said to be working potently. Boot camp is a much cheaper alternative to prison. It uses a military type of discipline that trains young men to not want to choose to live a life of crime and are less likely to re-offend when released from the program. Other utilizations of alternative punishment are community service, which can be very cost effective because it uses offenders to perform public labor. It can save money for counties, cities, and states by using this free labor. A punishment for alcohol related crimes like DUI is having a breathalyzer installed on an offenders vehicle which only allows the engine to start aft(prenominal) a person blows into it an has no alcohol on his or her breath. This is remunerative for by the offender and can be a successful substantiation for the offender to consume alcohol, while keeping drunk drivers off the road. Sentencing a petty thief to work a full time patronage and use his salary to pay restitution to his victim can be a deterrent for an offender to commit another burglary. A drug possession charge where a person is caught with a small hail of drugs can be punished using a plea reckon from the prosecutor to have the person voluntarily enroll in a substance abuse program. People convicted of tax evasion can be sentenced to a fine and probation rather than being given a prison sentence. Non-violent offenders have to be willing to commit and must want to be show signs of rehabilitation in order for alternative sentencing programs to be effective. Some programs require an offender to retain employment, submit to random drug screenings, electronic monitoring, and weekly meetings with probation officers. An individuals circumstances and environment can be an influence in committing a crime. Someone born into poverty and living in a drug infested community, is more likely to commit a crime than a person who is brought up in better surroundings. These facts are often taken into consideration when a judge give down a sentence. Because of this, some batch oppose alternative punishment. Living in a community that has a high crime rate often leads an offender to re-offend when he is released. Other circumstances like mental affection can be a reason for an individual to commit a crime. Mental illness is another factor that is taken into consideration when a judge hands down a sentence. atomic number 20 has implemented a law that allows alternative sentencing for some veterans. An example of this is an ex-marine that served in the war in Iraq, suffering from and utmost(a) case of post traumatic stress disorder. He walked into a depose unarmed and used a note demanding money from a bound teller. According to the law, the judge could have sentenced him to 5 years in prison, only if he was instead placed in a treatment facil ity. In the article Coming Home, Sample states that In addition to combat vets with PTSD, the law applies to those suffering from substance abuse or unspecified psychological ailments (Sample, par 4). Many lawyers actually advertise alternative punishment as a means of obtaining clients. These lawyers make every effort to keep an offender out of prison. Some find this to be a despicable means of publicizing as it lures criminals to certain lawyers in order to avoid a prison sentence. Advertisements of this type are useful for an offender that has no criminal record and is convicted of a misdemeanor. The lawyer can help a client like this to receive punishment such as probation, community service, electronic monitoring, or substance abuse treatment. After completing his or her alternative sentence, this offender will more than likely be rehabilitated and less likely to re-offend. On the other hand, alternative sentencing is not likely if these lawyers defend individuals charged with a felony and have lengthy criminal records. Some states such as California and Michigan, utilize a Jail Overcrowding Task Force. The main purpose for this labor force is come up with ways to use prison resources to pr hithertot prison overcrowding and save taxpayer dollars for more useful programs such as health care and education. The down side to this is that some counties utilize early release programs for prisoners with very short sentences and do not require offenders to participate in any type community service or rehabilitation program. On the other hand, at that place are work furlough programs that include electronic monitoring. This is a more acceptable means of alternative punishment. Inmates with short sentences are allowed to obtain employment while serving their sentence. A portion of the offenders payroll check is garnished and paid to the state as a means of paying for his or her incarceration To further alleviate prison overcrowding, electronic monitoring is so metime allowed for these individuals so they are not utilizing a prison bed that can be used for a violent criminal. A down side to this is the program was expanded and now allows unemployed individuals to participate in electronic monitoring without paying any money to the state.According to Edge, some judges have returned to the colonial sentence of shaming to punish people convicted of crimes. (83). This type of punishment is called public notice. Public notice is a punishment that publicly shames the criminal in an attempt to change his or her attitude and conduct. An excellent example of this is a judge ordering a man convicted of accidental homicide to arrangement in front of a bar with a sign that read, I killed two people while driving drunk. This public ridicule often deters a criminal from re-offending.The Victim-Offender Mediation Program (VOMP) is a program that involves the victim of a crime. Offenders have a face-to-face meeting with the victim or victims family membe rs and a trained mediator. The offender is told how his or her crime affected the victim and/or family. This can make the offender feel remorse for his crime and explain why he committed the crime and even cut for it. This program is often successful with juvenile offenders that commit non-violent crimes. In conclusion, each state has its own rules for the punishment of criminals called sentencing guidelines, which are sentencing policies prosecutors and judges use for people convicted of serious misdemeanors and felonies. The crime and the criminals previous criminal history are considered when a judge hands down a sentence. People that oppose alternative sentencing make out that an individuals circumstances are unique and should be considered during sentencing, otherwise there is a possibility of re-offending. People in favor of alternative sentencing argue that otherwise, judges could sentence offenders to different punishments for the same crime. The end result is that prison overcrowding in the United States will never end unless alternative sentencing programs are utilized for non-violent offenders. Prisoners incarcerated for violent crimes and who have lengthy criminal records should not even be considered for alternative sentences.

The Reconstruction Era

The reconstructive memory EraCourtney GehringThe reconstruction Era fol paltryed the abolish make forcet of slavery and gave hope to reconnect families and plump policy-making, social, and economical equals with the white men who once enslaved them. Sadly, this was comp allowely false hope. The freedmen and freedwomen in the s let onhern became sucked certify into a slavery by a contrastive name type of servitude for the alike plantation owners that once owned them with no hope of becoming an equal.During the term of Reconstruction there were three phases of reform, chairial, congressional, and radical. presidential Reconstruction was led by President Johnson by and by the assassination of Abraham Lincoln. Johnson followed the aforesaid(prenominal) Reconstruction Plan that Lincoln had laid divulge concede all confiscated property, political rights to all except for the highest ranking Confederate soldiers, pardon the S come forth of the closeth on all wrongdoing, and to readmit states with 10% of its voting ordinary.1 congressional Reconstruction began with the authorization of the Freedmans Bureau. This bureau was established to booster and aid the freedmen later on the war. Congress also nullified the Black Codes which S placehern states put into law after the war to restrict African American rights and force them to toy for low contend and in debt.2 Although the Black Codes were nullified, the South created the Jim Crow laws which reenacted m both of the same laws as the Black Codes and didnt officially disappear until the Civil Rights Act of 1964 was passed. The stopping point phase of Reconstruction was the Radical Reconstruction. During this time, radicals were choose into power. Due to this, Union force were move into the South to foster protect the freedmen and to help keep the peace. totally freedmen could effectually register to vote as the 14th Am residuement was passed granting African American males suffrage as it would provide them a voice and supply the freedmen with the better opportunity to sputter against the oppressive break-legislation, as well as against person persecution.3 During this Radical Reconstruction, 400 freedmen were elected into higher office and 16 freedmen were elected into Congress.Former slave owners became infuriated by African Americans in political offices and as a result founded the Ku Klux Klan and eradicated the Southern GOP coalition. They accomplished this by charge the carpetbaggers and unworthy white southerners, of having relations with freedwomen as interracial relations were sinful at this time and heavily looked down on in smart set. The originator slave owners also convinced the poor white southerners that the freedmen were taking resources from them. as well talked them into putting racial needs onwards economical needs when voting. The Ku Klux Klan increase violence to discourage freedmen from voting. A nonher way to prevent freedmen from voting was by imposing poll imposees and by enforcing that the voter needs to k instantaneously the raise Constitution before they can register to vote.4The Southern economy was propel into confusion by the last of the way and the former slave owners now call for to re-establish a work force and the freedmen needed jobs as the politics failed to provide them with an economical plan. This complication led to sh becropping, in which freedmen would rent a place to live from the plantation owner and would work for them and in return the freedmen get to keep a portion of the crops they grow.5 This forced the freedmen and women into a never ending cycle of debt as they do not have the money to reach for rent, their own tools, or for their own food this prevented them from obtaining any economic equality or freedom. The Southerners have endorsed a racial and gender power structure in the South. At the top are the wealthy white men and the wealthy white women, then the poor white men and p oor white women, and at the bottom are the shocking men and black women. This hierarchy helps to prevent a Radical Reconstruction from happening again as the freedmen and freedwomen have acquire their place in southern society and possess no political or economic power.With the 1876 Presidential resource closing in, the Republican Presidential candidate, Rutherford B. convert, promised the Democratic House of Representatives to remove the forces in the South. Hayes promised to do this in come in to win the election with the help of the South. He truly didnt care about the South and the freedmen, Hayes cared much about the industrial revolution in the noneth. This became the official end of the Reconstruction Era in the United States.Question 2From the previous(a) 1870s until the early 1930s there had been a massive struggle a midst the farmers/laborers and the tumid businesses of the U.S. Most businesses demanded long hours and paid their workers pennies. The workers als o had to endure minor(ip) cramped workspaces overfilled with people and machines. Most businesses were dirty with smoke filled distri notwithstandinge and unsanitary conditions. more families made so little that everyone, including children, had to work. For example, at the hickory tree Colliery in Pennsylvania, it was very common for boys who worked in the mines for $1-$3 a week, to end up being indebted to the company by the end of the month as he had to expect more to get to work than he got paid for the work he actually did.6Farmers, the original headstone to the economy, were now at the mercy of big corporations as well. They felt as though corporations were chipping off at their profit as they had no control of larger necessities they needed to make a living out of farming. Businesses like equipment granters now controlled item costs such as harvesters and plows darn other businesses like the railroads and grain elevators could charge them more to move and shop their c rops. This ca employ farmers who were already in debt from the war to lose even more money.The starting time major attempt to organize workers on a subject area exfoliation was the Knights of churn in 1869. Originally a secret organization created by garment factory workers, the Knights of Labor became open to all workers, which included women, African Americans, and farmers. The Knights grew slowly until after the massive railroad strike in 1885 against Jay Gould, when workers walked out on the job due to pay cuts.7 Within a year, 500,000 more people joined. The Knights of labor took a political stand as they sought-after(a) an eight-hour work day, the elimination of child labor, better sanitary conditions, higher wages to match their hard work, and other reforms. The Knights of Labor fell apart after a violent incident in the Haymarket Square in dinero. local anesthetic anarchists got together for a protest shock to discuss the strike at the McCormick Harvester Company, but soon police assigned up to disband the meeting causing someone to throw a bomb that killed multiple policemen.8 notwithstanding the fall of the Knights of Labor, the labor movement continued and was taken over by the American Federation of Labor (AFL). Unlike the Knights of Labor, the AFL, under Samuel Gompers, only back up skilled workers. Gompers key goals were similar to the Knights of Labors as they wanted increased wages, lessen working hours and improved working conditions. Gompers helped the labor movement to turn away from the socialist ideals that earlier labor groups had embraced, and turned it into an apolitical movement.George Pullman, founder and president of the Pullman Palace Car Company, required his workers live in Pullman City and pay him rent to live there. Due to the depression at the time, Pullman cut workers pay while still expecting the workers to pay the same price as before in rent. Three thousands of Pullmans workers went on a wildcat strike. A volume of the workers on strike started to the American sandbag Union (ARU), which was founded by Eugene Debs. Debs, a railroad fireman, created the union as he witnessed the poor working conditions of bloke railroad workers. The men all worked for low wages and some became hurt or killed because of un fail-safe equipment. As a result of the cut wages, ARU members refused to let any train with a Pullman car to move. Hordes of ARU supporters wanted to aid in the strike and began stopping trains. Quickly, there was no trains moving west of pelf. Railroad companies tried spreading lies about Deb and the ARU. This only angered strikers. and Many of those supporting the strike stopped trains, smashed switches, and started to set fire to whatever would burn. Another crowd of rioters stopped soldiers accompanying a train. This caused a mint candy of casualties and well as people injured from bullets. Soon President Cleveland sent in Federal troops to put an end to the strike. This is a maj or part of history as it was the commencement time the national military was sent in to break up a strike.The most battler union of the labor movement was the International Workers of the World (IWW). They represented a more radical approach to the unions and they supported the Marxist chassis struggle.9 It form from a mixture of smaller unions fighting for better working conditions out west in the mining attention. The IWW, or Wobblies, gained not mightiness from the Colorado tap Clashes of 1903. The major issue in Colorado was the fight over the eight-hour workday. The legislature had passed a statute limiting the workday to eight hours in godforsaken industries, such as mining and smelting. But, the Colorado Supreme Court tell it unconstitutional. Voters of Colorado passed a vote to approve the eight-hour workday, but the smelter owners fought any efforts to pass it. This led to the smelters departure on strike. At first it appeared that they were going to win their de mands without a fight, but then one of the smelter operators refused the deal given to them by the Governor of Colorado. The Governor that called in the National justification who began arresting union leaders and strikers. The violence escalated after a mine exploded on November 21, 1903, which killed a superintendent and a foreman. The commanding incumbent of the National Guard announced a vagrancy order, it required the strikers to go back to work or be deported from the district. The IWW continued on to help fight for more rights in places like textile mills of Massachusetts, railcar builders in Pennsylvania, and rubber workers in Ohio.10 Sadly, the greatest motivation for action against the IWW was their success in organizing industries, who were crucial to the war effort, in their call for work stoppages in the midst of the war, and their refusal to stop strikes during the war time. Many of the IWW leaders were arrested under the Espionage Act.Originally the political sympa thies did not intervene in these ongoing struggles between the working class and the big corporations as the regimen was in support of a Laissez Faire drift economy. The workers were allowed to strike peace ampley as it is a first amendment freedom. Most businesses and factories unattended the workers on strike and instead hired new immigrants off the boats to work in their factories as unskilled laborers. Many companies also would deny workers the ability to become members of unions as a way of forcing their ideas that companies control who they fire, who they hire, and what they chose to pay.11A dreadful amount of reform was accomplished at the local and state level. In the tristate area, Progressives attempted to find a mind ground between the big businesses and the working class and creates the NY/NJ Port Authority. This was created as a private public service to help regulate the tolls and fees when crossing between late York and New Jersey.Although the government did ena ct the Sherman Antitrust Act in 1980, it did not accomplish much as many companies avoided the law by converting their monopolies into memory companies. Congress also passed the Pure food and Drug Act and created the Food and Drug Administration in 1906 to improve food and medicine base hit for the public. This came after Upton Sinclairs book, The Jungle, which highlighted that due to lack of government policies, the meat packing industry was packaging and selling rotten meat to the consumer as well as how dirty the facilities was as the owners only cared to make money.12 While president, Wilson in 1912, created the national banking system. He also prohibited unfair business practices and outlawed full time employment of children under the age of 16. In the midst of entranceway World state of war I, the War attention Board redirected industry in America to help produce and provide necessities for the war. In doing this, the board given(p) higher wages, eight hour workdays, and minimum wage to the workers.13During the 1920s, President Coolidge raise international tariffs and gave big businesses tax cuts. He hoped that by giving businesses tax breaks that they would use to money to create more jobs in order to help encourage people of the working class to buy more. Sadly, most businesses created a few jobs and pocketed the rest of the money they saved from the tax cuts. At this time, U.S. businesses had learned how to use better technology in order to increase productivity. Unfortunately, they needed more of a demand for the amount of products they were producing. establishment and businesses at this time introduce credit as a way to help pretend the economy while engulfing people in consumerism. Companies, like Listerine, created ads targeted at public insecurities to convince more of the public that they needed their product.14Question 3On November 2, 1920 women were first able to legally vote in a presidential election. Women and activists have foug ht for womans suffrage for over a century and finally, in wondrous of 1920, the women of the United States won suffrage and were finally granted equality in the public sphere. Women have fought to leave the private sphere of the home and make it into the politics of the public sphere through the practice of maternalism, also cognize as public mothering. Women, such as Jane Addams and other upper class women, used the males idea that women belong in the home as a way to gain access into the public sphere. Maternalism was womens way of active in politics by using their natural maternal talents as mothers such as cleaning, looking after others, and providing care. 15Men, like Theodore Roosevelt, believed that women belong in the home as a housewife and focus on raising the children.16 Women agreed with this male ideal that they belonged in the private sphere, but as a mother they would be good at government housekeeping as politics were a mess at the time. Cities in the early 20th Century ran on corruption and that created dirty politics. Chicago itself was literally dirty, skies filled with smoke and dirt while the streets piled up with dribble and human waste. Jane Addams herself reached out to metropolis hall to develop a public sewer system and reform the system of garbage collecting to help clean up the city.17 Addams also contributed to her social work in Chicago by creating the Hull-House, a settlement house to help the immigrants in the city to teach them English, educate them in how to safely care for their children in cities. settlement houses started popping up around the country as a safe way to help immigrants inside of the major cities, and defend this major non-profit as public mothering of the immigrants.Women also used maternalism to create the Childrens Bureau (1912), the first federal agency in the United States.18 Their reasoning behind needing this federal agency was to administer birth certificates to help track of mother and baby mor tality rates among the working class. Compared birth certificates and death certificates to produce and show statistics showing the high mortality rate among mothers and infants among the poor. Margaret Sanger, founder of Planned Parenthood, used these statistics to rationalize why they needed to make birth control legal and accessible. Many mothers died from having too many births as they become more unreliable the more women have. Advertised that they needed birth control in order to stay alive and to be a better mother to the children they already had.Maternalism was exceedingly successful as it got a lot of women out into the public sphere and into politics alongside of the men. Sadly, these reforms mostly only reached out to the local and state levels. The biggest downside of maternalism was that women had to agree with men and admit that they belonged in the private sphere of the home. In other terms, these women said they know that women are not equal to men. In many ways, m aternalism can be seen a big success for what they accomplished but also as a failure as they reinforced the idea that women are not equal.BibliographyAddams, Jane. Twenty Years at Hull-House With Autobiographical Notes. 1910.Advertisement for Listerine. 1923.Baruch, Bernard M. American Industry in the War A Report of the War Industries Board. Washington, D.C. U.S. Government opinion Office, 1921.Henretta, James A., and Rebecca Edwards, and Robert O. Self. Americas narration seventh ed. Boston Bedford/St. Martins, 2011.Laws of Mississippi. 1865.On Child Labor. Labor Standard, 1877.Roosevelt, Theodore. The arduous Life. New York Review of Reviews Company, 1919.Thorpe, Francis N., ed. The Federal and State Constitutions of the United States. Washington, DC U.S. Government Printing Office, 1909.U.S. Congress, Senate. 39th Cong., 1st sess. Washington, D.C. 1865.U.S. Strike Commission. Report on the Chicago Strike of June-July, 1894Senate, Executive register No. 7, 53rd Congress, 3rd Session. Washington, D.C. Government Printing Office, 1895.1 James A. Henretta, and Rebecca Edwards, and Robert O. Self, Americas History seventh ed. (Boston Bedford/St. Martins, 2011), 464.2 Laws of Mississippi, 1865, 82.3 U.S. Congress, Senate, 39th Cong., 1st sess., 1865, ex. doc. No. 2, 1-5, 8, 36-39, 41-44.4 Francis N. Thorpe, ed., The Federal and State Constitutions of the United States (Washington, DC U.S. Government Printing Office, 1909), 42120-2121.5 Henretta, Americas History 7th ed., 476.6 On Child Labor (Labor Standard, 1877).7 Henretta, Americas History 7th ed., 551.8 Ibid., 552.9 Ibid., 644.10 Ibid., 644.11 U.S. Strike Commission, Report on the Chicago Strike of June-July, 1894Senate, Executive Document No. 7, 53rd Congress, 3rd Session (Washington, D.C. Government Printing Office, 1895), 621-622.12 Henretta, Americas History 7th ed., 610.13 Bernard M. Baruch, American Industry in the War A Report of the War Industries Board (Washington, D.C. U.S. Government Printing Office, 1921), 65-67, 69, 100.14 Advertisement for Listerine (1923).15 Henretta, Americas History 7th ed., 572.16 Theodore Roosevelt, The Strenuous Life (New York Review of Reviews Company, 1919), 3-22.17 Jane Addams, Twenty Years at Hull-House With Autobiographical Notes (1910), 200-204.18 Henretta, Americas History 7th ed., 640.

Sodium Sulfite Food Additive

Sodium Sulfite feed AdditiveSodium Sulfite a victuals Additive Food one-dimensionals be chemicals added to forage during their preparations to obtain an effect. This effect move range from addition of coloration, expression to the food, or it can ca exercise food to prolong a lengthened shelf life, as in the case of protectives.Usu on the wholey food additives can be divided into 2 types, claim additives and indirect food additives. straight food additives atomic number 18 those that are added to the food intentionally to food e.g. flavourer agents, artificial colors etc. An exact quantity of the additive is metrical and added to the product and film to the public of the additive can be measured. corroborative food additives are those additives that are not intentionally added to food, but do become components of it as is the case of packaging materials, plastics wraps paper packs, laminates etc. The estimate of the exact quantity of compounds which have indirectly been released into the foods and are now overt to humans for white plague can not be straightforwardly calculated. (Estimating exposure to direct food additives) One such material which is added to foods as an additive is sodium sulfite. It is manufactured on an industrial scale by button sulfur dioxide through caustic soda, which causes in the end sodium sulfite crystals to form. This is about unstable compound and releases sulfur dioxide gas slowly into the atmosphere. This mightiness provides it with the properties of an antimicrobial Agent, Antioxidant and a Preservative. Different preparations are made of this product, food grade sodium sulfite and the non food grade preparation which is utilize in the paper constancy as a bleaching agent and the photo exertion for ontogeny response preparations. (Sodium sulfite grades)Before any food can be allowed to be apply as an additive it has to be proven as secure by the Food and Drug Agency (FDA) for its use. Concerning Sodi um Sulfite, the FDA states that it can be used as a preservative as it is generally considered as safe for the desired purpose, but it should be prepared with good manufacturing practices and used and as is striked in quantity and no more. It has no denary limitation put on it by the FDA, if it is used as a preservative. If the purpose use is as a boiler additive, then the FDA prevents its use on meats fruits and vegetables, which have to be presented as new or rattling any food considered to be a vitamin B1 source. (Food Additive office List) Food additives are taken for granted in many ways. The reason fruits are available all year round, the reason baked goods stay odorous for so long, and we owe it all to additives and preservatives. If we were to stop using all preservatives, just about of the snacks we consume would cease to exist and availability of food products would become expressage to certain areas and for only a small amount of period in a year only. Additives a re for five main reasons.To maintain unison as is done with artificial foods. To prevent spoilage. Use of preservatives prevents food from ruination early. Fungi, bread mould are prevented from growing as preservatives create an hostile environment for them. Antioxidants additives keep fruits fresh and prevent bad taste from developing in baked goods.To maintain or to fortify the nutritional value. This is unremarkably done with breads cereals which are usually fortified with iron, or with milk which is fortified with calcium and vitamins.To enhance the flavor and color. This is done with chips snacks or flavored drinks.To control the pH of the food. This is necessary as in preparation of baked foods like biscuits or cakes. (Food additives)Foods additives are very much integrated into our lives without us even hunch knowing about it. They help in the proper preparation of food, its availability, and ability to stay fresh for long. They act as anti microbial agents, anti oxidant s flavoring agents, bleaching agents, preservatives, fortifying agents and stabilizing agents. Although their availability has provided us with immense opportunities but it all comes at a price as well. Most of the additives are chemicals. The FDA approves additives by labeling them either safe for general consumption, or substances allowed limited use and substances which require further approval from FDA before use. (Food Additive Status List). This is done as certain additives are hazardous to health in large quantities. Sulfites are shown to be mutagenic towards bacteria although no proof of these effects has been inform in humans the risk still persists. It is reported to increase the incidence of acute asthma and in some people cause gastro enteric symptoms if present in food products greater than trace amounts. Other additives have the ability to cause chronic ill effects to excessive consumption of the food for a long period of time.Amongst its many uses, sodium bisulfite i s earlier used in almost all wine making application to prevent oxidation of grape juice to vinegar. Secondarily, it is used as an anti microbial agent and as a food color preservative in the canned food industry by preventing oxidation and browning.In the United States, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) uses 2 statutes to regulate the licensing and customs duty of pesticides and fungicides etc. These are the national Insecticide, Fungicide and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) or the Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetics Act (FFDCA). The FFDCA sets the rules and regulations concerning tolerance limits of pesticides, byproducts of fungicides and of food additives. The EPA, when registering a pesticide, approves these products after a risk versus benefit analysis. However, there is clause in the FFDCA which bans use of food additives which has even a small risk ill effect in humans therefore it sets a zero(a) risk benchmark for the industry to tolerate. This is called the Delaneys cla use. This is problematic for the EPA since it creates 2 different standards for the industry to meet. The FIFRA analyses the risk versus benefit thought whereas the FFDCA which has the Delaneys clause has a zero risk standard. So some a food additives or pesticides meet the FIFRA standard do not meet the FFDCA standard. This has created obstructions in the smooth functioning of the EPA as far as approval and re registration of pesticides and food additives is concerned. Finally the National Academy of Sciences (NAS) a Non Governmental organization has looked into this matter and made the following recommendations. It states that there should be one universal standard for all approvals, processed or raw food, old or new pesticide. It also states that rather than having a zero risk policy, the EPA should adopt a negligible risk policy which should be acceptable both, the FIFRA as well as the FFDCA. (Delaneys paradox) References/ BibliographyDiNovi, Michael J. and Kuznesof, Paul M. Es timating Exposure to direct food additives and chemical contaminants in the diet.U.S. Food Drug Administration core group for Food Safety Applied Nutrition Office of Pre market laudation (Aug 2006) http//www.cfsan.fda.gov/%7Edms/opa-appa.html Food Additives FDA/IFIC Brochure. Jan.1992. U. S. Food and Drug Administration http//vm.cfsan.fda.gov/lrd/foodaddi.txtFood Additive Status List CFSAN/Office of Food Additive Safety. 2006. U.S, Food and Drug Administration. 21 regrets 2006 http//www.cfsan.fda.gov/dms/opa-appa.html Sodium sulfite grades. Sodium and Potassium sulfites. 2006. BASF The chemical company. 19 Dec 2006. http//www.inorganics.basf.com/ The Delaney Paradox and Negligible Risk Fact Sheet. Pesticide Management Education Program. Jan.1991. Cornell University conjunct Extensionhttp//pmep.cce.cornell.edu/issues/delaney-negrisk.html

Construction Incident Report of Hospital

Construction Incident Report of HospitalIntroductionThis extend looks at incidents that have occurred on a project to extend and recreate a cancer centre at a North-West Hospital.AssumptionsWith sectioned bound periods, it is taken section can non commence until the previous section has been stainless (Chappell, 2011), with either the incidents relating to section 1.The asserter has reduced their master programme as article 2.9.1.2 of the contract, this programme is not contr veritablely binding but for reference purposes moreover (Out-law, 2013).IncidentsOverhead CableThe overhead cable diversion graft life do not form part of the contract (Chappell, 2014), cla example 2.7.2 of the contract allows the customer to undertake whole kit and caboodle not part of the contract with permission of the declarer and that permission is not to be un clean refused (Chappell 2014).Clause 2.27.1 requires the contractor to lend menu as soon as they ar aware an issue may example continue (JCT, 2011), this allows the contract administrator to monitor the patch and insure the cable is diverted before any cargo area occurs (Chappell 2011). bankruptcy to provide notice or late notice may be considered not to comply with article 2.28.6.1 requiring the use of best endeavours to avoid stop (Chappell 2011).The lymph node relocated the cable prior to the steel erection date thus no ascertain to the contract works occurred. The contract administrators repartee notice under clause 2.28.1 it give state that no extension phone of metre is to be granted as no sustain materialised. rise to powerThe tender information did not include the restrictions detailed in the attribute manual, visiting site would not have highlighted these issues to the contractor. This omission of information is a relevant event under clause 2.29.7 as it imposes a juvenile bar on the contractor not included in the contract, this impediment being under the control of the guest (Chapp ell 2014).However, clause 2.28.6.1 requires the contractor to use best endeavours to prevent delays, and clause 2.28.6.2 requires the contractor to proceed reasonably when a delay occurs (Dunn, 2011). Knowing after the first sustaining of restricted get at it is reasonable that the contractor plan work so access is not needed on these Thursdays, access for everyone else is still available so works can proceed (Dunn, 2011)Reduced HoursThe no machine digging amongst 2pm and 4pm is different as this occurs every day making re-planning difficult for the contractor, the delay only relates to digging operations and no other site activities.In Amalgamated Building Contractors Ltd v. Waltham Holy Cross Urban District Council 1952 the cause of delays occurred every day, it was held that it was reasonable for the contract administratorto decide on extension of judgment of conviction on bound (ICE 2007).Delays associated with the other incidents are likely to mean that the modify compl etion date is not affected by this issue.Drainage workingsUnder clause 2.13.2 of the contract the contractor is not responsible for the employers program (Dunn, 2011), clauses 2.14.2 and 2.14.3 allow the correction of any errors in the design with corrections treated as a variance (Cartlidge, 2013). Thus, an instruction is to be issued under clause 3.10 to undertake investigating works and the alteration works being instructed under 3.10.2 requesting a quotation based on the revised design (Dunn, 2011).The investigation works should be valued as clause 5.7.1 daywork rates as the extent of the works would not have been known (Cartlidge, 2013) with the alteration works being valued as clause 5.2.2 and the accepted quotation.A alteration is a relevant event under clause 2.29.1, with the drainage alterations all in the confines of the site preventing any other works from keeping, clause 2.28.1 of the contract requires the contract administrator to issue a fair and reasonable ext ension of time. The completion date of section 1 should be familiarized by 5 weeks, this can be done even without notice under clause 2.27.1, London Borough of Merton v Stanley Hugh Leach Ltd. 1985 to prevent time going large (Dunn, 2011).CladdingThe lining is an undefined provisional sum, this will mean that the contractor has not allowed for these works in the price or programme (Suttie 2013). Provisional sums require an instruction from the contract administrator to progress under clause 3.16 and an undefined provisional sum becomes a variation and relevant event under clause 2.29.1 (Brooks et al., 2011).In Walter Lilly Co Ltd v Clin 2016 the court give tongue to that when not defined in the contract the guest is responsible for providing sufficient information in time to obtain the required planning consents (Tulloch 2016), delay in issuing any instruction delinquent to planning authorities is the responsibility of the client.When instructed, it should be based on a quotat ion from the contractor, the works are then valued as clause 5.2.2.The contract administrator needs to consider whether any delay to the cladding works will mean that the works go beyond the previously adjusted completion date of section 1.Cladding Programme and delayTimeWeeksDateTask CompleteDelayWeeksRevised programme129/08/2014Foundation works0Planning purpose824/10/20142-week foundation works05-week delay in steel erection01-week steel erection0Quotation27/11/20142-weeks steel erection0Material ordering619/12/20141-week steel erection5Installation416/01/20154Total219Loss and spendingClauses 4.23 to 4.26 of the contract cover sack and outlay relating to the delays (Chappell 2011).The current delay is 5 weeks for the drainage and 9 weeks for the cladding, any entitlement to loss or expense must be directly related to the actual timing of the delay (Chappell, 2011). The contractor cannot make an over exaggerated produce for loss as found in C P hook v Middleton (1983) the cry for any loss must be reassert (RICS, 2015).The average weekly costs for the contractor during the delay were 4,609, not all costs were non-productive as the investigation works, diversion works and cladding are valued in the contract, members of the site staff would have been carrying out twain other on-the-scene(prenominal) works and preparation works for future activities (Chappell, 2011).The contractor must minimise loss due to the delay this includes relocating staff and plant where possible (Chappell, 2011), evidence that relocation had not been possible is required to claim for these items as Shore v Horwitz Construction v Canada Ltd (1964) (RICS, 2015)Security650 fair/Power125Sundries230Insurances234Safety Precautions123Weekly Total1,36214 weeks19,068 unquestionable on-site loss to the contractor following the removal of productive items or those that could be reallocate are as follows The contractor may too claim for office overheads that they cannot divert to new p rojects during the extra time on-site (Lomas-Clarke, 2014). These losses can be calculated using a commandment such as the Emden formula (Lomas-Clarke, 2014) as J F Finnegan v Sheffield County Council (1988) (RICS, 2015)(Overhead and Profit Percentage) 7% x (Contract Sum) 4,000,000(Contract Period) 52 WeeksEquals 5,384 per week x 14-week delay = 75,376 (Lomas-Clarke, 2014)The total loss and expense claim is 94,444, for all loss and expense claims the contractor must provide evidence (RICS, 2015)Liquidated DamagesThe extension of time granted to section 1 adjusted the completion date for this section, if this adjusted date is not met by the contractor then the liquidated damages stated in the contract for section 1 can be claimed by the client (Murdoch Hughes, 1993). On completion of each section the liquidated damages no longer apply to that section going forward (Murdoch Hughes, 1993). Following completion of section 1 section 2 can commence with its current duration that is st ated in the contract (Dunn, 2011) if the contractor then fails to meet the adjusted completion date for this section then liquidated damages as stated in the contract can be claimed by the client (Murdoch Hughes, 1993).ConclusionThe project has suffered delays which have required adjustment of the contract completion date and allowed a loss an expense claim by the contractor.The contractor is required to proceed at a reasonable pace and if they do not complete by the adjusted completion date the client will be able to claim liquidated damages as machinate out in the contract.

Student ID Cards are Not Necessary for Safety :: Argumentative Persuasive Essays

Wearing savant ID Cards is Not Necessary for Safety Stop right there, unripe lady echoed through the empty hall of White Knoll spirited School. I broke my fast stride and turned around slowly, jolly breathless from my power-walking. When I saw Mr. Johnston striding towards me with a pen in ace hand and a pad in the other, I suddenly realise what else I had forgotten that morning. Before I could reach into my book-bag pocket for the ID I had yet to put on, Mr. Johnston was beside me and slipped me the small sticker. He shook his head and said, Now, now, Tina. I thought you would have set a better example than that. Lets canvass to keep that ID on, okay? With the sticker in one hand and my drowsy slip in the other, I walked to the first block class that I was already ten minutes late for with the hanging cloud of after-school(prenominal) ID detention waiting for me the next day. Pushing my way through the float of people trying to leave the school at 320 the next da y, I found my way to the discipline office. Taking my dedicate at the end of the line that stretched out of the inhabit and halfway bulge out the hall, I found myself listening to a discussion about wherefore everyone else had detention that day. Yeah, man. I had my ID card under my jacket so they couldnt depict it. Well, Im here for an hour today, because I had to skip detention yesterday for a doctors appointment. Oh yeah? Well, Ive got you all beat, cause I got two detentions yesterday. The first one was because I left my ID in my car. Then, my sticker wasnt showing, so I got another one. by and by listening to all their sob stories, I shared mine involving a faulty alarm clock, an early school bus, and just plain forgetfulness. notwithstanding the shared pity of the group, we had all taken the detentions without complaint. The routine had gone on since the first day of school, and we all knew by that point that there was no escaping the punishment. After final ly checking in with the poor teacher stuck with the task of reflexion over us that afternoon, I looked at the other students in the room with me.

Finding the End to Genetic Diseases :: Genetics Science Genes Health Essays

The United States has a very diverse heritage. There is no American race. Americans ar the commix of many cultures throughout many generations. With this blending of cultures comes a blending of genes. In the past, genes break not been well understood. They were not understood until Mendel did experiments on plants to find out why different plants of the same species had different characteristics. His goal was to find the key to unlock the mystery of heritage (Copeland and Hammer 12). After many years of collecting data, he unbolted the door. He discovered that the child gets one element from each promote for every trait. He also discovered that one of them is more dominant, and shows up over the other, recessive, one (Brown 16). He published his results, but their significance was not understood at the time. Sixteen years after his death, three tidy sum believed to discombobulate the key. Looking for other results to verify the ideas, they came across Mendels results (14). Their data agreed, and with this a new science was born - the science of Genetics (15). Due to ultramodern medicine, such as antibiotics and rehabilitation, many catching diseases have been allowed to prevail. In nature, these diseases would not have survived to the extent that they do now. Advances in science and medicine have allowed these problems to thrive. Further advances in science may be able to alter genetic diseases through cloning. Genetic problems have plagued the United States for centuries. Genetic diseases and mutations be more prevalent in todays world than ever before, due to advances in medicine (CHMG). Charles Darwins theory of evolution stated that only the strong survive (Lutz 10). Modern medicine has changed that theory by allowing the weak, or people with genetic diseases, to survive. Genetic defects are pay offd by mutations. When genes change in any way, they stick permanent new characteristics called mutations (Copeland and Hamer 19). On that note, t here have been many which have had little effect on us, while others have been important in our development (19). Along with the necessary mutations, there are mutations that can wee-wee serious, and sometimes fatal, disease (Brown 16). There are many factors that may cause mutation, such as genetic accidents, environmental hazards, and human sources. The genetic accidents are regular mutations in the cells where chemical changes in the cell cause a breakdown in the normal structure of a gene or a group of genes (28).

Human Cloning Should be Illegal :: Opposing Perspective Essays

Human Cloning Should be Illegal arse you imagine a world where everyone looked the same and had the same DNA? This could require true due to the advances in science in the field of copy. We ar coming into an age where scientists excite started clone non-human mammals as well as fish. Soon, they will want to start cloning humans. Since human cloning is so dangerous, unethical, and too expensive for reproductive purposes, it should be illegal.Human cloning is dangerous. It is estimated that amongst 95 and 98 percent of cloning experiments have failed (Genetics and Society). These downfalls to cloning argon in the form of miscarriages and stillbirths (Genetics and Society). Cloned human beings also run the risk of having voiceless genetic ab regulationities. Children cloned from adult DNA would, in a sense, already have old genes. These fryrens main problem would be engendering and emergence old too quickly. This includes arthritis, appearance, and organ function. Since the c hance of having a child with cordial and physical problems is so a good deal toweringer than that of a normally conceived child, cloning should be illegal.Human cloning is also unethical. Cloning, especially therapeutic cloning, requires the character of human embryos. Using these embryos would mean killing unborn children. Therapeutic cloning begins by removing the stem cells from an embryo (Human Cloning). The stem cells are used to drive bone, nerve, and muscle tissue. In the process of therapeutic cloning, an embryo, or a thwart in the early stages of development, is taken and parts of it are grown to develop parts of the body including organs and limbs (Human Cloning). Removing these stem cells would kill the embryo. The embryo, which would result in a child if left in the mothers womb, is spaced into parts, which are used for science.Finally, human cloning for reproductive purposes is too expensive. The damage to clone one human could be more than $100,000 (Herper). T hat is extremely high considering the cost of in vitro fertilization. In vitro fertilization costs between $3,500 and $25,000 depending on the procedure (Advanced Fertility Services). If someone could not become pregnant it is much more likely that they would chose to use fertilization and be guaranteed a healthy, normal child rather than spend the money to clone a child that could have defects. With fertilization costing only one fourth of cloning, wherefore would someone choose to clone?

Where The Red Fern Grows :: essays research papers

Billy was walking home one day when there was a chase after fight in the ally and he went to check all over to see what was going on and there was a bunch of get behinds bea brookg up on one dog so he decided to get involved and break it up. They all dispel away when they saw him coming. The dog that was getting beat up on was lying on the ground in what looked like a dowery of pain. He rushed over and noniced he was a dishy hound dog. He also noticed that he wasnt hurt that bad, just scared. This hound dog reminded him of his hounds that he had had when he was just a boy. Billy was very happy the dog had come through town, because he had stirred up a lot good memories for Billy.When Billy was a boy he had a major addiction to lacking(p) a pair of hound dogs. However, as much as he cherished a pair of hounds he did not receive them. Every nowadays and then he would hear the neighboring dogs calling channelise to their know, and their masters whooping back to them to te ll the hound that they were on the way. This encouraged Billy to wanting a hound more. His dad told him one day that his grandpa valued to see him as soon as possible. Once he got to his grandad, his grandfather told him that he had seen an ad in the newspaper for some hound dog pups. Thats when Billy finally had decided to do something about this not having a pair of hound dogs problem. So he went and got an old tin can and started putting money in it that he made from workings in the fields.Over the next year he had saved up enough money to buy his hound dog pups. He hiked over the mountains to the nearest town post office because thats where his dogs where going to be until he picked them up. He got to the post office and put them in a potato sack bag and headed for home. His grandpa had given him a raccoon fox trap so he could train his dogs. He named his dogs Old Dan and atomic Anne. They made a great set. By the time hunting gentle had come he had his dogs trained and re ady to go. The first night they treed their first ringtail coon.

Issues of Mannerism Essay -- Essays Papers

Issues of affectednessThe drive in moving picture that is now referred to as Mannerism began in Italy around 1520, influenced creative persons throughout Europe, and lasted until the arrest of the 16th degree centigrade. The subterfugeiculate Mannerism originates from the Italian word maniera which translates into the English word style. The basis of Mannerism then is style its a ut well-nigh of art where the focus was on grace and beauty. While preceding trends of metempsychosis art looked to nature to find their style, working to perfect it, Mannerists manipulated nature creating a gross perfection of human form, exemplificationizing forms to the point of abstraction. Definitions of Mannerist art as sound as the reasons for its appearance as a movement are lock up contested today. For a definition of mannerism to have validity, it must provide a valid origination of the movement. Much is revealed when the reasons behind a certain(prenominal) chaste expression are clear. Until the 19th century, Mannerist art was considered by most to be perverse and capricious. It was considered simply an excessive use of a special(prenominal) manner of which contained qualities that were strange and unjustified. It was thought that extravagance, a need for increased productivity, and a lack of artistic knowledge led to the Mannerist style. In the early representative of the 20th century, these generalizations were considered unfair, and many new theories about the origins of Mannerism surfaced. Some theories fire that artists were displaying a conscious deviance, painting against the rules of classical art, and rebelling against the High Renaissance and the ideal of naturalness. The spiritual unrest of the age is often considered the root of this deviant artistic behavior.John Shearman points out in Mannerism that the wars of the early 16th century created a period of economic and social disturbance creating the growth of Mannerist style. He sa ys most works of art are insulated in the mind of the artist even from his personal crises, joys and tragedies (40). More reasonable, he says, are explanations of Mannerism in terms of sociological and religious influences. There was a new festering in patronage during this period where works were commissioned for no separate reason than to have a work made by a certain artist. Many times the subject, and/or the medium were to be dogged upon by the artist. Rosso Fiorentinos Desc... ...tle Mannerism creates the illusion that it was a conscious movement like one of the 19th or 20th centuries. Mannerism didnt have a focus, the artists werent working toward a common goal. The artists of Mannerism were influenced by all that came before them antiquity, their predecessors and artistic peers, but Mannerists were most importantly looking toward the future and their own imaginations. Artists were for the first time were creating art for the pursuit of art. The goal of art was no longer intended completely as social or religious propaganda to be determined by the patron. Mannerist art was influenced by imagination and based on fantasy, and it was largely aimed at the use of goods and services of an audience. Works CitedTansey, Richard G. and Fred S. Kleiner. Gardners Art Through the Ages. Fort Worth Harcourt Brace, 1996.Janson, H.W. and Anthony F. Janson. storey of Art. New York Harry N. Abrams, 1997.Fenton, James. Introduction. Les Miserables. By Victor Hugo. New York Dewynters, 1997.Waldman, Diane. Roy Lichtenstein. New York Rizzoli International, 1993.Waldman, Diane. Roy Lichtenstein. Austria Solomon R. Guggenheim Foundation, 1969.

The Breaking of Taboo Essay -- Poetry Analysis

Adrienne Rich was a genuinely critically acclaimed and widely read poet of her era. Ms. Rich was a rebellious groundbreaker in expressing her viewpoints through her poetry in what was considered highly taboo topics of her snip, such as, politics, lesbianism, and feminism.Adrienne Rich was born on May 16, 1929 in Baltimore, Maryland. Her father was known pathologist at John Hopkins University, Dr. Arnold Rich, and her mother Helen Elizabeth Rich, was a concert pianist and composer. Adrienne began writing at a very early age, with the encouragement of her father. As a child, she grew up reading works from her fathers extensive library from Tennyson, Keats, Arnold, Blake, Rossetti, Swinburne, Carlyle, and spatter (Booth).Adrienne attended A. B. Radcliffe College and graduated in 1951. In her final year at Radcliffe, her collection, A Change of World, was selected by, W. H. Auden for the Yale Series of Younger Poets award.In 1953, Adrienne hook up with Alfred Conrad, an economics p rofessor at Harvard, whom she had met while she was an undergraduate student at Harvard. During their marriage, they had three children, David, Paul, and Jacob. In the mid 60s Adrienne became very affect in Vietnam anti war protests, libber, and civil right issues. As time went on, Alfred thought she was losing her mind because of her obsession and devotion she had to these causes. This created quite a oddball of tension in their marriage. In 1970, she separated from Alfred, which lead to his suicide a few months later.Richs early works were very conventional and structured. Her style mirrored the poets who she read extensively as a child. As Rich progressed in her writings, her styled changed drastically. Rich took on a dialogue, and free verse style. This ... ...aressa. 6 Powerful Adrienne Rich Quotes Every Woman Should Read. The Stir, 12 Mar. 2012. Web. 19 Apr. 2012. Meredith, May. Adrienne Rich 1929-2012 / Feminist poet turned personal into political. San Francisco Chroni cle (10/1/2007 to present) 29 Mar. 2012 A1. Newspaper Source Plus. Web. 22 Apr. 2012. Rich, Adrienne, comp. Twenty-One Love metrical compositions. 2nd. Emeryville, Ca. Effies Press, 1977. Web. 19 Apr. 2012.---, Adrienne. tranquil Early Poems 1950-1970. 1st. New York W.W. Norton, 1993. 419. Print. ---, Adrienne. Dark Fields of the Republic 1991-1995. NewYork W.W. Norton, 1995 3, 65. Print.Schuduel, Matt. Adrienne Rich, feminist poet who wrote of politics and lesbian identity, dies at 82. 28 Mar. 2012, n. p. Web. 15 Apr. 2012.Sky. The Floating Poem Unnumbered By Adrienne Rich. Thirty Days Of.., 06 05 20010. Web. 21 Apr. 2012.

Mitch Alboms Tuesdays with Morrie :: Essays Papers

Mitch Alboms Tuesdays with MorrieTuesdays with Morrie, written by Mitch Albom is a point of the love between a man and his college professor, Morrie Schwartz. This true story captures the compassion and wisdom of a man who only knew good in his heart. A man who lived his life to the fullest up until the very last soupcon of his happily complete life. It is a story of a special vex of friendship that was lost for many years, but never forgotten and apparently picked up again at a crucial time of both Morries and Mitchs lives.When Morrie distinguished that he had only a a couple of(prenominal) months to live with the deadly disease of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), also know as Lou Gehrigs disease, Morrie began the last class of his life with Mitch lifes greatest lesson.Throughout the last fourteen weeks of Morries life, Mitch met with him every Tuesday to learn and understand all of the wisdom and lessons of life that were within Morrie. The weekly enactment consist ed of lunch and lecture. These meetings included discussions on everything from the world when you enter it to the world when you enounce goodbye.From the relationship that these men had with each, a love is revealed like no opposite love resembles. This is a love of friendship and of respect. Such a bail between people is difficult to achieve. Their relationship consists of an unembarrassed love that is everlastingly present.Morrie Schwartz was a man of great wisdom who loved and enjoyed to see and consider a simplicity of life, something beyond lifes most contend and unanswered mysteries. From Morrie, we learn that life is most happily experienced when enjoyed and fulfilled to its highest ability. Morrie shares this with Mitch in the last days of his life and these great lessons provide be carried and practiced throughout Mitchs life.After reading Tuesdays with Morrie I tangle a sense of discovery. Morrie Schwartz was a man that touched the lives of many. He will al ways be remembered for his sincerity and his compassion for life and for love. The lessons that Morrie loved to teach were of his own experience with life. These great lessons were full of wisdom and love and they came chummy from within Morrie. I enjoyed reading this book by

Registered Nurses Essay -- Careers Jobs

Registered shield (RN)Registered take holds treat patients and swear out prevent disease, educate patients and the populace somewhat various medical conditions and health issues, and provide advice and emotional admit to patients family members both physically and mentally.(Registered). It is important for the individual going into this course to await out the pros and cons of the different aras of nursing. Sometimes gender plays a part in choosing the specific area of an RN. For instance, the strength of males is needed in areas of physical therapy. duration the gentle attributes of women are needed in the care of babies. A nurse must like people and want to help them, and must in addition experience self-reliance and good judgment, patience, honesty, responsibility, and ability to work easily with others.(Jacobi). The occupation of a registered nurse includes many advantages such as having the ability to embolden your family in medical needs, the salary is attractive and above the average scale, and it offers abundant job security. The first advantage of being a registered nurse is you hire the great ability to assist your family in medical needs. Whatever happens to a family member, youll know what to do right away in just about any case. There could be a possibility where somebody could have a chance of dieing right away, you would have that ability to save their life. RNs are very knowledgeable and have a good education on how to live a healthy life that they could share with their family and have a good, healthy lifestyle. Registered nurses know the types of foods to eat that are essential to your body that could help expand your life and live longer. In this fast paste origination that we live in where fast foods are in abundant and are cert... ...r occupations where one can dress stylist and dine at beautiful restaurants and climb the corporate ladder, there could not be a more than honorable and satisfying career that a person could give to their community and their society. Works CitedBecome a Registered Nurse (RN). AllNursing Schools-Your Guide to Nursing rearing and Careers. 2002-2008. All Star Directories. 12 Feb 2008 http//www.allnursingschools.com/faqs/be_m.php.Jacobi, Eileen. Nursing. The World Book Encyclopedia. 14 ed. 1978.Registered Nurse (RN) and Nursing Careers, Jobs, and Employment Information. Career Overview. 2004. Career Overview. 12 Feb 2008 http//www.careeroverview.com/nurse-careers.html.REGISTERED NURSES AND NURSE PRACTITIONERS. patience Market Information. 2002. Employment Development Department. 12 Feb 2008 http//www.calmis.cahwnet.gov./file/occguide/NURSEREG. HTM.

Gothic Fiction Essay -- Literary Analysis, Jane Eyre

IntroductionSince the 18th century, medieval prevarication has fuck off a famous genre. As its popularity has increased during the decades it is still a well-known(a) and much appreciated theme nowadays.Whereas many female authors were restricted to libber raws and had the reputation of being unable to compose works valuable for everyone, the fire of Gothic writing bore a whole new shot for them (Heiland 1-8).A famous example for such female authors is Charlotte Bront. When she wrote Jane Eyre in 1847 she enqueued herself to the centerion of successful women of that genre. Even though Jane Eyre contains several aspects of the guileless Gothic novel it differs in the font of the uncanny. Whilst novels such as Frankenstein, The Picture of Dorian gray-haired or Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde allude to a transmundane matter and maintain surreal, Jane Eyre originates from an earthbound reason.In this paper a brief definition shall be granted of what Gothic Fiction is. The main pa rt will deal with the Gothic elements within Jane Eyre in chronological order. In a final footstep special attention will be given to the uncanny as it is found during several incidents within Thornfield Hall and why it is different from the classic Gothic. This will be done with special attention to the character of Bertha mason the protagonist when it comes to the Gothic aspect of the novel.Gothic FictionGothic Fiction is a literary field which emerged in the late 18th century. When it comes to define its genesis, a precise point in time can scantily be given. Depending on the definition of what Gothic Fiction is, several literary periods bear elements of Gothic from ancient prose to Shakespe bean works, from post-medieval to post-Renaissance. However, the most defined pe... ...extinguished, Jane and Mr. Rochester are able to spend their lives together and to restore peace. She was both a image and the reason herself for the burdens which especially Mr. Rochester carried d uring his life. Without her having died there would have been no itinerary for Jane and Rochester to pass off a prosperous consolidated life.ConclusionJane Eyre indeed is a Gothic novel which shares a great deal of characteristics with the most famous Gothics. Still, its content and reason are beyond surreal factors. It incorporates mysteries and myths and some veritable supernatural happenings. Especially the real, psychological and social origins of the characters fears are the root of emotions and fears haunting the characters. Jane Eyre is a perfect sample for the challenges one has to face in life and the way they obsess ones thoughts and limit the ability to proceed.

All I Ever Needed To Know About Love Essay -- essays research papers

All I ever needed to jazz about discern, I learned form the Goo Goo Dolls. This readiness with songs such as sword lily, glide, and pitch-dark Balloon let out of the longing that comes with love lost for example in the song Black Balloon The singer talks about the fact that A one thousand other boys could never reach you, how could I have been the one. In Iris The speaker talks about the fact that regardless of what the world thinks, his love will continue, you cant fight the tears that aint coming, but I know you can feel me some how I dont want the world to see me cause I dont think that theyd understand. In the song Slide they speak more of the sexual side of love I wanna raise up up where you are.Music as a whole has always appealed to the senses and the emot...

Immigration and Europe Essay -- European Politics, Economics

Immigration within and into europium has increased in recent years, with topical anaesthetic worlds anxieties raised(Pilcher 2010, p445). I pass on look at the socio- ethnic challenges which immigration introduces. These include the substantive and perceived impacts on native populations, and the policy responses which stem from the issues. Next, economic public assistance is an aspect of the immigration question that go forth be examined. I will consider soem of the various problems which atomic number 18 encountered in tackling this subject. While attempts to reach conclusions of the de facto cause of immigration in terms of the economies are not made, considering the arguments made may help in gauging the extent of the challenge that immigration poses. I will also examine some of the structural changes which immigration makes in the semipolitical sphere, with electoral and representative politics being affected. With constituencies changing significantly throughout seve ral countries, the resultant shifts in terms of policy and governance are concerns which need to be taken seriously.Social and Cultural ChallengesThe social and cultural tensions which arise from hosting immigrant communities are often expressed as a trouble to integrate or assimilate immigrants into society. Yet cleavages can be amplified imputable to the liberal and egalitarian doctrines which underpin European states. Provisions have to be made for immigrant citizens which may cause resentment in the alert population as a consequence of competition for diminishing resources, as thoroughly as the overarching factor of cultural stability(Lahav 2004, p1167). Yet this difficulty may be eased by the inclusion of non-EU immigrants in a reformulation of the European identity. If, as Diez & Whitman(2002) arg... ...ect individuals on the micro-level but research suggests that there are context-dependent issues in societies. This elbow room that the challenges which immigration pose c annot be met by assuming that macro-economic scenarios fit contrastive solutions. Countries from both ends of the spectrum face problems with managing immigration and its consequences on different strata within the existing society. Again, the challenge here is one in which the political leaders and passel media are still themselves unsure of. If the effects of immigration on the preservation are to be ascertained, then the implementation of appropriate policies needs to be pursued without deference to political and ideological pressures. The biggest challenge facing the states of Europe regarding immigration is to pinpoint the causes of insecurity, in both the immigrant and native communities, and address them.

Working Mothers and the Welfare State Essay -- Politics of Work-Family

How female genitalia we beg off the differences in work-family policies in the different well-being relegates?Kimberly Morgans research glide path is policy centred and focuses in particular on gendered polices. In this book, with a diachronic comparative approach, she tries to explain how both religious practice and religious employment are key in the formation of the welfare state. She emphasizes the kind between religion as a political force, gender and familial ideologies, the constellation of political parties and the nature of partisan competition, womens movements, policy legacies, and social morphological changes . As stressed out in the first pages this book examines and explain patterns of work-family policies in Sweden, France, the Netherlands and the united conjure ups, giving particular attention to nipper business organisation policy but also looking at parental pass on and flexible work-time arrangements. The analysis focuses on how religion has influence d on this place of the welfare state. As Morgan underlines, gender differences in social policies are explained by womens movements, by the pressures generated by social structural changes on the welfare state and by ideologies. Given that organized religion is an important source of ideology, we tush then say that religion has had a fundamental role in the shaping of the relationship between state, family and gender. In fact organized religions drive sought to maintain their position as the dominant arbiters of community value and morality with giving a great attention over child and family affairs. An example of religious influence on public welfare policies is the nourishment of the status quo perpetuated by the Christian democracys party.The temporal dimension of the welfa... ...by Kimberly J. Morgan, Stanford University Press, 2006 Working Mothers and the offbeat State by Kimberly J. MorganReview by Jason Beckfield accessible Forces, Vol. 86, No. 2 (Dec., 2007), pp. 86 7-869 Published by Oxford University PressMiriam Cohen. (2009) Working Mothers and the Welfare State Religion and the Politics of Work-Family Policies in Western Europe and the United States, by Kimberly J. Morgan, Labor History, 503, 382-383, DOI 10.1080/00236560903021649 Ingela K. Naumann. Working Mothers and the Welfare State Religion and the Politics of Work-Family Policies in Western Europe and the United States, by Kimberly J. Morgan, Journal of European Social Policy DOI 10.1177/09589287070170030602 2007 17 286 Lewis, Jane. sexuality and the development of welfare regimes Journal of European Social Policy , 1992